Chapter 5
Nation of Nowhere
Jewish Role in Colonial American Chocolate History
Celia D. Shapiro,
Celia D. Shapiro
Archivist Independent Scholar
Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCelia D. Shapiro,
Celia D. Shapiro
Archivist Independent Scholar
Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Louis Evan Grivetti,
Howard-Yana Shapiro,
Louis Evan Grivetti
Professor Emeritos
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHoward-Yana Shapiro
Director of Plant Science
Mars, Incorporated, McLean, Virginia, USA
University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
The Nation of Nowhere
-
Colonial America
-
Conclusion
-
Acknowledgments
-
References
References
- Feinman, B. The Jews Who Sailed with Columbus. Available at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/columbus.html. (Accessed August 31, 2006.)
- Emmanuel, I. S. The Jews of Coro, Venezuela. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion, 1973.
- Feingold, H. L. Zion In America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1974.
- Kayserling, M. Christopher Columbus and the Participation of Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries. Translated by Charles Gross. New York: Longmans, Green, 1894.
- Feingold, H. L. Zion in America: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1974.
- Kayserling, M. Christopher Columbus and the Participation of Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries. Translated by Charles Gross. New York: Longmans, Green, 1894.
- Rosenblum, M. Chocolate: A Bittersweet Saga of Dark and Light. New York: Northpoint Press, 2005.
- Terrio, S. J. Crafting the Culture and History of French Chocolate. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
- Ezratty, H. A. 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean: The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies. Baltimcre, MD: Omni Arts, 1977.
- Dubiez, F. J. De Portugees Israëlitische Gemeente te te Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Holland: Privately published, undated.
- Ezratty, H. A. 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean: The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies. Baltimore, MD: Omni Arts, 1977.
- Wiznitzer, A. The members of the Brazilian Jewish community (1648–1653). Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1952; 42: 387–397.
- Kohut, A. Jewish martyrs of the Inquisition in South America. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1896; 4: 101–187.
- American Jewish Historical Society. American Jewish Desk Reference: The Ultimate One-Volume Reference to the Jewish Experience in America. New York: Random House, 1999.
- Gilman, S. Jewish Frontiers: Essays on Bodies, Histories, and Identities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
- Becker, M. Jews in Suriname. Chapter 4 Historical Timeline. Available at http://www.angelfire.com/mb2/jodensavanne/. (Accessed September 11, 2006.)
- Weiner, R. The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Vienna. Available at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Vienna.html. (Accessed September 11, 2006.)
- Terrio, S. J. Crafting the Culture and History of French Chocolate. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
- Arbell, M. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish—Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem, Israel: Gefen Publishing House, 2002.
- Adler, C. Original unpublished documents relating to Thomas Tremino de Sobremonte (1638). Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1909; 17: 27–31 (Inquisition Folio 270).
- Dominance of Ottoman Muslim Empire in Turkey: 1500–1920. Available at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/ottotime.html. (Accessed September 12, 2006.)
- Anonymous. Epoca Colonial; Mexico Viejo, Noticias Históricas, tradiciones, leyendas y costumbres. Cited in: Process [or trial] of Gabriel de Granada (13 years old), observer of the Law of Moses, 1642 to 1645. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1899; 7: 1–127.
- Ferry, R. J. Don't Drink the Chocolate: Domestic Slavery and the Exigencies of Fasting for Crypto-Jews in Seventeenth Century Mexico. Available at http://nuevomundo.revues.org/document934.html. (Accessed August 31, 2006.)
- del Olmo, J. Relacion historia del auto general de fe que ce celebro en Madrid en 30 de junio de 1680. Madrid: Rocque rico de Miranco, 1680.
- Liss, D. The Coffee Trader: A Novel. New York: Random House, 2003.
- Bodian, M. Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation: Conversos and Community in Early Modern Amsterdam. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
- Bloom, H. I. The Economic Activities of the Jews of Amsterdam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1937.
- Fortune, S. A. Merchants and Jews: The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce, 1650–1750. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1984.
- Adler, C., and Brunner, A. W. America. Available at http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1384&letter=A&search=paramaribo. (Accessed September 14, 2006.)
- Documents Relating to Colonial History of the State of New York, Volume 14, p. 135. Cited by Cone, G. H. The Jews in Curacao: According to Documents from the Archives of the State of New York. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1902; 10: 141–157.
- Egerton Manuscript. British Museum, Volume 2395, f. 46. Cited by Oppenheim S. An Early Jewish Colony in Western Guiana, 1658–1666: and its Relation to the Jews in Surinam, Cayenne, and Tobago. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1907; 17: 95–186.
- Meijer, J. Pioneers of Pauroma (Pomeroon), Paramaribo 1954, Based on the Compilation by R. Bjilsma. Archief der Nederlandische Portageesh-Israelitische Gemeente in Suriname pp. 23–24.
- Arbell, M. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish—Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem, Israel: Gefen Publishing House, 2002.
- Adler, C., and Kohut, G. A. Cayenne. Available at http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=285&letter=C. (Accessed September 14, 2006.)
- Arbell, M. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish—Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem, Israel: Gefen Publishing House, 2002.
- Diderot D. Encyclopédie, ou, Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de lettres. Paris, France: André Le Breton, 1751.
- Ezratty, H. A. 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean: The Spanish and Portuguese. Jews in the West Indies. Baltimore, MD: Omni Arts, 1977.
- Diderot D. Encyclopédie, ou, Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une Société de Gens de letters. Paris, France: André Le Breton, 1751.
- Labat Pere, J.-B. Nouveau voyage aux isle Françoise de l'Amérique. Paris, France: G. Cavalier, 1722.
- Birmingham, S. The Grandees. America's Sephardic Elite. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1971.
- Bloom, H. I. The Economic Activities of the Jews of Amsterdam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press, 1937.
- Emmanuel, I. S., and Emmanuel, S. A. History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
- Emmanuel, I. S. The Jews of Coro, Venezuela. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion, 1973.
- Fortune, S. A. Merchants and Jews: The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce, 1650–1750. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1984.
- Corcos, J. A Synopsis of the History of the Jews of Curaçao. Curaçao: Imprenta de la Liberia, 1897.
- Archivo General de Indias (AGI). Letter: Montero to the King, 9 April 1711 (Santo Domingo), Document 697.
- Archivo General de Indias (AGI), Portales to the King, 29 January 1722 (Santo Domingo), Document 759.
- Arbell, M. 2002. Portuguese Jews—Pioneers of Cocoa and Vanilla Production in South America and the Caribbean: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. Available at http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/046/7.html. (Accessed August 31, 2006.)
- Becker, M. 2006. Jews in Suriname. Chapter 4 Historical Timeline. Available at http://www.angelfire.com/mb2/jodensavanne/. (Accessed September 11, 2006.)
- Letter of Abraham Beckman, Commandeur at Essequibo, to the West India Company. Cited by Oppenheim S. An early Jewish colony in Western Guiana, 1658–1666: and its relation to the Jews in Surinam, Cayenne, and Tobago. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1907; 17: 95–186.
- Calendar of British State Papers, Colonial 1669–1674, No. 570, pp. 298–300. Cited by Friedenwald, H. Material for the history of the Jews in the British West Indies. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1897; 5; 45–106.
- Calendar of British State Papers, CO 116/19, Nos. 4, 4i–xii, Aug 9/20, 1700; Fort Kyck Overal, Rio Issquibe. Samuel Beekman to Directors of the Dutch West Indies Company, Middleburgh. (Original letter in obscure Dutch; translated in the Calendar of State Papers.)
- Arbell, M. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish–Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem, Israel: Gefen Publishing House, 2002.
- Arbell, M. 2002. Portuguese Jews—Pioneers of Cocoa and Vanilla Production in South America and the Caribbean: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries. Available at http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/046/7.html. (Accessed August 31, 2006.)
- Friedman, L. M. Jewish Pioneers and Patriots. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1948.
- Emmanuel, I. S., and Emmanuel, S. A. History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
- Friedman, L. M. Jewish Pioneers and Patriots. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1948.
- Emmanuel, I. S., and Emmanuel, S. A. History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
- Marcus, J. R. The Colonial American Jew, 1492–1776. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1970.
- Arbell, M. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish–Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem, Israel: Gefen Publishing House, 2002.
- Becker M. Jews in Suriname. Chapter 4 Historical Timeline. Available at http://www.angelfire.com/mb2/jodensavanne/. (Accessed September 11, 2006.)
- Emmanuel, I. S., and Emmanuel, S. A. History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
- Judah, G. F. The Jews' tribute in Jamaica. Extracted from the Journals of the House of Assembly of Jamaica. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1909; 18: 149–177.
- Jamaica Jewish Community Collection (1–82), Box 1, Document Relating to Jews in Jamaica, American Jewish Historical Society, New York.
- Navarro, L. D. Informes sobre la Provincia de Costa Rica, presentado al Capitan General de Guatemala en 1744. Revista de Archivos Nacionales (Costa Rica) 1939; 3(11–12): 583.
- Long, E. The History of Jamaica. New York: Arno Press, 1972.
- Dikland, P. Jodensavanne Foundation (Suriname). Scheepsreizen 1729–1794. Personal communication, dated June 6, 2005.
- Becker, M. Barter to Production. Available at http://www.angelfire.com/mb2/jodensavanne/. (Accessed September 19, 2006.)
- Marcus, J. R., and Chyet, S. F. Historical Essay on the Colony of Surinam, 1788. Translated by Simon Cohen. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, 1974.
- Arbell, M. The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish–Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas. Jerusalem, Israel: Gefen Publishing House, 2002.
- Wiznitzer, A. The exodus from Brazil and arrival in New Amsterdam of the Jewish Pilgrim fathers, 1654. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1954; 44: 80–99.
- Birmingham, S. The Grandees. America's Sephardic Elite. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1971.
- Feingold, H. L. Zion in American: The Jewish Experience from Colonial Times to the Present. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 1974.
- Documents Related to the Colonial History of New York. Vol. XIV, p. 315. Cited in Daly, C. P. The Settlement of the Jews in North America. New York: P. Cowen, 1893.
- Peterson, E. History of Rhode Island. New York: J. S. Taylor, 1853.
- Hershkowitz, L. Some aspects of the New York Jewish merchant and community, 1654–1820. American Jewish Historical Quarterly 1976; 66: 10–34.
- Hershkowitz, L. Original inventories of early New York Jews (1682–1763) (Concluded). American Jewish History 2002; 90(4): 385–448.
- Bloch, J. M. An Account of Her Majesty's Revenue in the Province of New York, 1701–09: The Custom Records of Early Colonial New York. Ridgewood, NJ: Gregg Press, 1966.
- Ben-Jacob, M. Nathan Simson: a biographical sketch of a Colonial Jewish merchant. American Jewish Archives Journal 1999; 51(1–2): 11–37.
- Klooster, W. Illicit Riches: Dutch Trade in the Caribbean, 1648–1795. Leiden, the Netherlands: KITLV Press, 1998.
- Emmanuel, I. S. The Jews of Coro, Venezuela. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion, 1973.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13-14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Emmanuel, I. S., and Emmanuel, S. A. History of the Jews of the Netherlands Antilles. Cincinnati, OH: American Jewish Archives, 1970.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13-14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Marcus, J. R. Studies in American Jewish History: Studies and Addresses by Jacob R. Marcus. Cincinnati, OH: Hebrew Union College Press, 1969.
- Hershkowitz, L. Some aspects of the New York Jewish merchant and community, 1654–1820. American Jewish Historical Quarterly 1976; 66: 10–34.
- Liber 36 of Conveyances, p. 50. Register's Office, New York County. Cited in Oppenheim S. Will of Nathan Simson, a Jewish merchant in New York before 1722, and genealogical note concerning him and Joseph Simson. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1917; 25: 87–91.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13–14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Ben-Jacob M. Nathan Simson: a biographical sketch of a Colonial Jewish merchant. American Jewish Archives Journal 1999; 51(1–2): 11–37.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13–14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13–14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13–14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13–14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Marcus, J. R. The Colonial American Jew, 1492–1776. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1970.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13–14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm copies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Papers of James Alexander, New York Historical Society.
- Naval Office List of Ships at Charleston, SC 1717–1767.
- Diner, H. R., and Benderly, B. L. Her Works Praise Her: Jewish Women in American from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
- Fortune, S. A. Merchants and Jews: The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce, 1650–1750. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1984.
- Nathan Simson. Shipper. The National Archives, Kew, England. Record Reference: C104/13–14. GB/NNAF/B22778. Microfilm capies at Nathan Simson, Correspondence, bills of lading, receipts and ledgers 1710–1725. American Jewish Archive, Cincinnati, OH, Reels 528, 528A, and 528B.
- Diner, H. R. and Benderly, B. L. Her Works Praise Her: Jewish Women in American from Colonial Times to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 2002.
- Ezratty, H. A. 500 Years in the Jewish Caribbean: The Spanish and Portuguese Jews in the West Indies. Baltimore, MD: Omni Arts, 1977.
- Marcus, J. R. The Colonial American Jew, 1492–1776. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1970.
- Hershkowitz, L. Original inventories of early New York Jews (1682–1763). American Jewish History 2002; 90(3): 239–321.
- Hershkowitz L. Original inventories of early New York Jews (1682–1763) (Concluded). American Jewish History 2002;90(4): 385–448.
- Fortune, S. A. Merchants and Jews: The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce, 1650–1750. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1984.
- Kohler, M. Phases of Jewish life in New York before 1800. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1894; 2: 77–100.
- Minute Books, Court of Chancery, Volume 1720–1748, New York County Clerk's Office, Hall of Records.
- Minute Books, Court of Chancery, Volume 1720–1748, New York County Clerk's Office, Hall of Records.
- Miller, G. J. James Alexander and the Jews, especially Isaac Emmanuel. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1939; 35: 171–188.
- Maryland Gazette, November 8, 1748. p. 4.
- Nathan, J. Jewish Cooking in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994.
- Greer, A. Peasant, Lord, and Merchant: Rural Society in Three Quebec Parishes 1740–1840. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1985.
- Roth, C. A Jewish voice for peace in the War of American Independence. The life and writings of Abraham Wagg, 1719–1803. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1928; 31: 33–75.
- Roth, C. Essays and Portraits in Anglo-Jewish History. Philadelphia, PA: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1968.
- Royal Gazette, February 12, 1780, Issue 436, p. 3.
- Sachar, H. A History of the Jews in America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.
- Freund, M. K. Jewish Merchants in Colonial America: Their Achievements and Their Contributions to the Development of America. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1939.
- Oppenheim, S. The first settlement of the Jews in Newport: some new matter on the subject. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 1937; 34: 1–10.