Chapter 16
Chocolate at the World's Fairs, 1851–1964
Nicholas Westbrook,
Nicholas Westbrook
Director
Fort Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, New York, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNicholas Westbrook,
Nicholas Westbrook
Director
Fort Ticonderoga, Ticonderoga, New York, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Louis Evan Grivetti,
Howard-Yana Shapiro,
Louis Evan Grivetti
Professor Emeritos
Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorHoward-Yana Shapiro
Director of Plant Science
Mars, Incorporated, McLean, Virginia, USA
University of California, Davis, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 16 May 2008
Summary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Discovering the Botany and Agriculture of Cacao
-
Discovering the Taste of Chocolate
-
Creating Corporate Identity
-
The Architecture of Chocolate
-
Conclusion
-
Acknowledgments
-
Endnotes
-
References
Reference
- Kenin, R. Introduction. In: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876. New York: Paddington Press Ltd., 1974.
- Post, R. C. 1876: A Centennial Exhibition. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1976.
- Kimmerle, B. Chocolate: The Sweet History. Portland, OR: The Collector's Press, 2005; pp. 22, 99–102.
- Centennial Exhibition Digital Collection, Free Library of Philadelphia. Available at http://www.library.phila.gov/CenCol/Details.cfm?ItemNo=c021642&sourceURL=cedcpubsrch9.cfm and image c021643. (Accessed February 24, 2007.)
- Trager, J. The Food Chronology. New York: Henry Holt, 1995; pp. 208, 216, 300.
- Collection Saga Menier, Noisiel. Available at http://perso.orange.fr/pone.lateb/chronologie.htm. (Accessed February 24, 2007.)
-
Turpin, N. L. Hot chocolate: the social question in the chocolate exhibits at the 1900 Paris Universal Exposition. Journal for the Study of Food and Society 2003; 6(2): 72–77.
10.2752/152897903786769652 Google Scholar
- Centennial Exhibition Digital Collection, Free Library of Philadelphia. Available at http://libwww.library.phila.gov/CenCol/Details.cfm?ItemNo=c021642&sourceURL=cedcpubsrch9.cfm and image c021643. (Accessed February 24, 2007.)
- Centennial Exhibition Digital Collection, Free Library of Philadelphia. Available at http://libwww.library.phila.gov/CenCol/Details.cfm?ItemNo=c110150&sourceURL=cedcpubsrch9.cfm and image c021232. (Accessed February 24, 2007.)
- Kimmerle, B. Chocolate: The Sweet History. Portland, OR: The Collector's Press, 2005; p. 135.
- Bancroft, H. H. The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation. Chicago: Bancroft Company, 1893; p. 332.
- 1904 World's Fair Agriculture Palace. Available at http://www.lyndonirwin.com/04chocol.htm. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- Centennial Exhibition Digital Collection, Free Library of Philadelphia. Available at http://libwww.library.phila.gov/CenCol/Details.cfm?ItemNo=c021382&sourceURL=cedcpubsrch9.cfm. (Accessed February 24, 2007.)
- Kenin, R. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Historical Register of the Centennial Exposition 1876. New York: Paddington Press Ltd., 1974; pp. 162 and 212.
- Maillard's Chocolate for Breakfast, Lunch, and Travellers (trade card), 1876, collection of American Antiquarian Society.
- Ffrench, Y. The Great Exhibition: 1851. London, England: Harvill Press, 1950; p. 23.
- Gibbs-Smith, C. H. The Great Exhibition of 1851. London, England: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1981.
- Gloag, J. Introduction. The Crystal Palace Exhibition Illustrated Catalogue. New York: Dover Publications, 1970. p. xxv. An unabridged republication of the Art-Journal Catalogue special issue.
- Daniloski, S. The World's Fair and Exposition Information and Reference Guide. Available at www.earthstation9.com/1851_1on.htm. (Accessed February 12, 2007.)
- Trager, J. The Food Chronology. New York: Henry Holt, 1995; p. 247.
- A Brief Sketch of Haiti for the Visitors of the World's Fair at St. Louis, MO. St. Louis, MO: Perrin & Smith Printing, 1904. Available at http://www.webster.edu/∼corbetre/haiti/misctopic/texts/stlouis.htm. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- 1904 World's Fair Agriculture Palace. Available at http://www.lyndonirwin.com/04chocol.htm. (Accessed October 1, 2006.) Derived from The World's Work Advertiser, August 1904.
- Walter Baker & Co. trade cards, 1893. Author's collection.
- Shapiro, L. Perfection Salad: Women and Cooking at the Turn of the Century. New York: Modern Library, 2001; pp. 44–66.
- Quantin, A. L'Exposition du Siècle 1900. Paris, France: Le Monde Moderne, (ca. 1901); p. 231.
- 1901 Pan-American Exposition. Available at http://panam1901.bfn.org/visiting/food/foodbeverages.htm. (Accessed February 15, 2007.)
- http://www.scripophily.net/balgarinc.html. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- 1904 World's Fair Agriculture Palace. Available at http://wwwlyndonirwin.com/04chocol.htm. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- http://www.armchair.com/recipe/fair39a.html. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- Trager, J. The Food Chronology. New York: Henry Holt, 1995; pp. 208 and 216.
- Overfelt, M. A world (fair) of invention. Fortune Small Business, April 1, 2003.
- Kimmerle, B. Chocolate: The Sweet History. Portland, OR: The Collector's Press, 2005; pp. 22, 68–69, 99–102.
- Howard, M. W. Lowney's Cookbook … A New Guide for the Housekeeper … for Any Well-to-do Family. Boston: W. M. Lowney Company, 1907.
- http://www.townshipsheritage.com/Eng/Hist/Arts/cox.html. (Accessed February 18, 2007.)
- Chicago's Palmer House Chocolate Fudge Recipe. Available at http://www.recipezaar.com/recipe.print?id=207091. (Accessed February 18, 2007.)
- Trager, J. The Food Chronology. New York: Henry Holt, 1995; p. 354.
- Zanger, M. H. Brownies. In: A. F. Smith, editor. Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America, Volume I. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004; pp. 136–138.
- Farmer, F. M. The Boston Cooking-School Cook Book. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1924; pp. 613–614.
- Kimmerle, B. Chocolate: The Sweet History. Portland, OR: The Collector's Press, 2005; p. 166.
- Huard, L. Livre d'Or de 1'Exposition. Paris, France: L. Boulanger, 1889; Volume 2, pp. 485–486.
- Chandler, A. Revolution: The Paris Exposition Universelle, 1889. World's Fair 1986; 7(1). Available at http://charonsfsu.edu/publications/PARISEXPOSITIONS/1889EXPO.html. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- Stace, A. J. Education and the Liberal Arts. Report of the United States Commissioners to the Universal Exposition of 1889 … Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1890–1891; Volume II, pp. 115–191. Cited in: Havlik, R. J. University of Notre Dame and the Napoleon III Telescope. Available at http://transitofvenus.org/napoleon3.htm. (Accessed February 15, 2007.)
- Walton, W. [World's Columbian Exposition] Art and Architecture, Architecture Volume. Philadelphia: George Barrie, 1893; p. xxxvi.
- Boime, A. The chocolate Venus, “tainted” pork, the wine blight, and the tariff: Franco-American stew at the Fair. In: A. Blaugrund, editor. Paris 1889: American Artists at the Universal Exposition. New York: Harry Abrams, Inc., 1989.
- Walton, W. [World's Columbian Exposition] Art and Architecture, Architecture Volume. Philadelphia: George Barrie, 1893; p. xxxvi.
- Bancroft, H. H. The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation. Chicago: Bancroft Company, 1893; pp. 371–372.
- Galvin, R. M. Sybaritic to some, sinful to others, but how sweet it is! Editor's Choice Smithsonian: An Anthology of the First Two Decades of Smithsonian Magazine. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1990; pp. 42–51.
- Kimmerle, B. Chocolate: The Sweet History. Portland, OR: The Collector's Press, 2005; pp. 84–87.
- Les Réflexions d'un Visiteur Curieux devant L'Exposition du Chocolat-Menier. Available at http://perso.orange.fr/pone.lateb/exposition.htm. (Accessed February 24, 2007.)
- Bancroft, H. H. The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation. Chicago: Bancroft Company, 1893; p. 370.
- Bancroft, H. H. The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation. Chicago: Bancroft Company, 1893; p. 397.
- Blum, B. J. Interview with Bertram A. Weber, 1983. In: Chicago Architects Oral History Project. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1995; Revised edition, 2004. www.artic.edu.
- http://perso.orange.fr/pone.lateb/exposition.htm. (Accessed February 24, 2007.)
- Garden & Forest 1893;6(277) Jun 14. Advertisement in miscellaneous unnumbered back pages.
- http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/MA/Norfolk/state2.html. (Accessed February 15, 2007.)
- Update. Department of Planning and Community Development, Town of Brookline (MA), Nov-Dec 2002; p. 5.
- John Springer Collection, University of Iowa; Box 10: booklet describing van Houten presence at the 1893 Columbian Exposition; Box 12: van Houten trade card collected during Springer's visit to the fair.
- Trager, J. The Food Chronology. New York: Henry Holt, 1995; pp. 204, 216, and 607.
- Blooker's Dutch Cocoa trade cards, 1893, collection of the American Antiquarian Society.
- Blooker advertisement. Cosmopolitan, December 1893, p. 93.
- Bancroft, H. H. The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation. Chicago: Bancroft Company, 1893; p. 397.
- Walter Baker & Co. trade card, 1893. Author's collection. Available at http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=565. (Accessed February 15, 2007.)
- 1901 Pan-American Exposition: Eck, S. J. Doing the Pan. Available at http://panam1901.bfn.org/miscbuildings/bakerbuilding.html. (Accessed February 15, 2007.)
- Missouri State University, Agricultural History Series: 1904 World's Fair Agriculture Palace. Available at http://www.lyndonirwin.com/04chocol.htm. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- http://www.navstanorva.navy.mil/expo.htm. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- http://www.earthstation9.com/index.html?1907_jam.htm. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- http://www.noahent.com/portfolio-historical.html#3. (Accessed February 25, 2007.)
- http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/va/Norfolk/state.html. (Accessed February 15, 2007.)
- Brenner, J. G. The Emperors of Chocolate: Inside the Secret World of Hershey and Mars. New York: Random House, 1999; pp. 85, 88, and 166.
- Trager, J. The Food Chronology. New York: Henry Holt, 1995; pp. 342, 366, 376.
- D'Antonio, M. Hershey: Milton S. Hershey's Extraordinary Life of Wealth, Empire, and Utopian Dreams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.
- http://www.hersheys.com/discover/milton/columbian_exp.asp. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)
- Stanton, J. Better Living Center, 1964 World's Fair, 1997. Available at http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:Kr5vt-n0Li4J:naid.sppsr.ucla.edu. (Accessed October 1, 2006.)