Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Biopolymers
Dr. Steven Slater
- [email protected]
- +1-608-8213434 | Fax: +1-608-8361319
Monsanto Protein Technologies, PO Box 620999, Middleton, WI, USA, 53562
Search for more papers by this authorDr. David Glassner
- [email protected]
- +1-952-7420456 | Fax: +1-952-7420477
Cargill-Dow, 15305 Minnetonka Blvd., Minnetonka, MN, USA, 55345
Search for more papers by this authorM.Sc. Erwin Vink
- [email protected]
- +31-114-315944 | Fax: +31-114-315938
Cargill Dow BV, Lijsterbes 25, St. Jansteen, The Netherlands, 4564 GC
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Tillman Gerngross
- [email protected]
- +1-603-6463161 | Fax: +1-603-6462277
Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH, USA, 03755
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Steven Slater
- [email protected]
- +1-608-8213434 | Fax: +1-608-8361319
Monsanto Protein Technologies, PO Box 620999, Middleton, WI, USA, 53562
Search for more papers by this authorDr. David Glassner
- [email protected]
- +1-952-7420456 | Fax: +1-952-7420477
Cargill-Dow, 15305 Minnetonka Blvd., Minnetonka, MN, USA, 55345
Search for more papers by this authorM.Sc. Erwin Vink
- [email protected]
- +31-114-315944 | Fax: +31-114-315938
Cargill Dow BV, Lijsterbes 25, St. Jansteen, The Netherlands, 4564 GC
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Tillman Gerngross
- [email protected]
- +1-603-6463161 | Fax: +1-603-6462277
Dartmouth College, 8000 Cummings Hall, Hanover, NH, USA, 03755
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
- Introduction
- Historical Outline
- The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
- Plastics Derived from Renewable Resources and Their Place Within a Green Chemistry Framework
- Polymers Produced Directly by Biological Systems
- Polysaccharides
- Proteins
- Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
- Polymers Produced Indirectly Using Biological Systems
- Polylactide
- Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
- Polymers Produced Directly by Biological Systems
- Application of Life-cycle Analysis to Biopolymer Production
- Life-cycle Analysis of PHA Production by Fermentation
- Life-cycle Analysis of PHA Production in Plants
- Life-cycle Analysis of Polylactide Production
- Cargill Dow's Current Process for Production of Polylactide
- Meeting the Challenge of Renewable Energy: Opportunities to Further Reduce the Environmental Impact of Polylactide Production
- Outlook and Perspectives
References
- Anastas, P. T., Warner, J. C. (1998) Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Asrar, J., Gruys, K. J. (2002) Biodegradable polymer(Biopol), in: Biodegradable Polymers, ( Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel, Eds.) Wiley-VCH Verlag GabH, 53–90, Vol. 4 (III).
- Bohlmann, G. (2001) Biodegradable Polymer Life Cycle, Palo Alto: Stanford Research Institute.
- Cargill Dow Web site (2002) www.cargilldow.com
- Chen, Y. (1995) Functional properties and applications of edible films made of milk proteins, J. Dairy Sci. 78, 2563–2583.
- Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (1994) Manufacturing Consumption of Energy 1991. Washington, DC: Office of Energy, Markets and End Use.
- Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1998) Biomass from switchgrass: greener energy pastures. Available at http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/switgrs.html.
- Gerngross, T. U. (1999) Can biotechnology move us toward a sustainable society? Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 541–544.
- Gerngross, T. U., Slater, S. C. (2000) How green are green plastics? Sci. Am. 283, 37–41.
- Glassner, D. (2001) Commercialization of Polylactide Polymers. Presented at the 23rd Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals.
- Gruber, P. R., Hall, E., Kolstad, J., Iwen, M., Benson, R., Borchardt, R. (1992) Continuous process for manufacture of lactide polymers with controlled optical purity, US Patent 5,142,023.
- Gruber, P. R., Hall, E., Kolstad, J., Iwen, M., Benson, R., Borchardt, R. (1993a) Continuous process for manufacture of lactide polymers with controlled optical purity, US Patent 5,247,058.
- Gruber, P. R., Hall, E., Kolstad, J., Iwen, M., Benson, R., Borchardt, R. (1993b) Continuous process for the manufacture of a purified lactide from esters of lactic acid, US Patent 5,247,059.
- Gruber, P. R., Hall, E., Kolstad, J., Iwen, M., Benson, R., Borchardt, R. (1993c) Continuous process for manufacture of lactide polymers with controlled optical purity, US Patent 5,258,488.
- Gruber, P. R., Hall, E., Kolstad, J., Iwen, M., Benson, R., Borchardt, R. (1993d) Continuous process for manufacture of a purified lactide, US Patent 5,274,073.
- Gruber, P. R., Hall, E., Kolstad, J., Iwen, M., Benson, R., Borchardt, R. (1994a) Continuous process for manufacture of lactide polymers with purification by distillation, US Patent 5,357,035.
- Gruber, P., Kolstad, J., Hall, E., Eichen-Conn, R., Ryan, C. (1994b) Melt-stable lactide polymer composition and process for manufacture thereof, US Patent 5,338,822.
- Gruber, P., Kolstad, J., Hall, E., Eichen-Conn, R., Ryan, C. (1995) Hydroxyl-terminated lactide polymer composition, US Patent 5,446,123.
- Gruber, P., Kolstad, J., Hall, E., Eichen-Conn, R., Ryan, C. (1996) Melt-stable lactide polymer composition and process for manufacture thereof, US Patent 5,539,081.
- Gruber, P., Kolstad, J., Hall, E., Eichen-Conn, R., Ryan, C. (1998) Melt-stable lactide polymer composition and process for manufacture thereof, US Patent 5,763,564.
- Gruber, P. R., Hall, E., Kolstad, J., Iwen, M., Benson, R., Borchardt, R. (1999) Continuous process for manufacture of lactide polymers with controlled optical purity, US Patent 6,005,067.
- Gruber, P., Kolstad, J., Hall, E., Eichen-Conn, R., Ryan, C. (2000) Melt-stable lactide polymer composition and process for manufacture thereof, US Patent 6,143,863.
- Houmiel, K., Slater, S., Broyles, D., Casagrande, L., Colburn, S., Gonzalez, K., Mitsky, T., Reiser, S., Shah, D., Taylor, N., Tran, M., Valentin, H., Gruys, K. (1999) Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) production in oilseed leukoplasts of Brassica napus, Planta 209, 547–550.
- Kurdikar, D., Fournet, L., Slater, S. C., Paster, M., Gruys, K., Gerngross, T., Coulon, R. (2001) Greenhouse gas profile of a plastic material derived from a genetically modified plant, J. Ind. Ecol. 4, 107–122.
- Lee, S-Y. (1996) Plastic bacteria? Progress and prospects for polyhydroxyalkanoate production in bacteria, Trends Biotechnol. 14, 431–438.
- Lee, S.-Y., Choi, J.I. (1998) Effect of fermentation performance on the economics of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by Alcaligenes latus, Polymer Degrad. Stability 59, 387–393.
-
Madison, L. L.,
Huisman, G. W.
(1999)
Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from DNA to plastic,
Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 63,
21–53.
10.1104/pp.010615 Google Scholar
- Martindale, D. (2000) Car parts from chickens, Sci. Am. 282, 26.
- Mielenz, J. R. (2001) Ethanol production from biomass: technology and commercialization status, Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 4, 324–329.
- Nawrath, C., Poirier, Y., Somerville, C. (1994) Targeting of the polyhydroxybuyrate biosynthetic pathway to the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels of polymer accumulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91, 12760–12764.
- Pimentel, D., Pimentel, S. (1986) Energy and other natural resources used by agriculture and society, in: New Directions for Agriculture and Agricultural Research, ( K.A. Dahlberg, Ed.) Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld, 259–287.
- Peoples, O. P., Sinskey, A. J. (1989a) Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Characterization of the genes encoding beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase, J. Biol. Chem., 264, 15293–15297.
- Peoples, O. P., Sinskey, A. J. (1989b) Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Identification and characterization of the PHB polymerase gene (phbC), J. Biol. Chem., 264, 15298–15303.
- Poirier, Y. (2001) Production of polyesters in transgenic plants, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 71, 209–240.
- Poirier, Y., Dennis, D. E., Klomparens, K., Somerville, C. (1992) Polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable thermoplastic, produced in transgenic plants, Science 256, 520–523.
- Richards, H. A., Rudas, V. A., Sun, H., McDaniel, J. K., Tomaszewski, Z., Conger, B. V. (2001) Construction of a GFP-BAR plasmid and its use for switchgrass transformation, Plant Cell Reports 20, 48–54.
- Sabato, S. F., Ouattara, B., Yu, H., D'Aprano, G., Le Tien, C., Mateescu, M. A., Lacroix, M. (2001) Mechanical and barrier properties of cross linked soy and whey protein based films, J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 1397–1403.
- Schubert, P., Steinbüchel, A., Schlegel, H. G. (1988) Cloning of the Alcaligenes eutrophus genes for synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and synthesis of PHB in Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol. 170, 5837–5847.
- Shapouri, H., Duffield, J. A., Graboski, M. S. (1995) Estimating the Net Energy Balance of Corn Ethanol. Agricultural Ecnonomic Report Number 721, Washington, DC: USDA.
- Slater, S. C., Voige, W. H., Dennis, D.E. (1988) Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway, J. Bacteriol. 170, 4431–4436.
- Slater, S., Mitsky, T. A., Houmiel, K. L., Hao, M., Reiser, S. E., Taylor, N. B., Tran, M., Valentin, H. E., Rodriguez, D. J., Stone, D. A., Padgette, S. R., Kishore, G., Gruys, K. J. (1999) Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis and Brassica for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer production, Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 1011–1016.
- Smil, V., Nachman, P., Long, T. V. I. (1983) Energy Analysis and Agriculture, An Application to U.S. Corn Production, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc.
- Steinbüchel, A., Valentin, H. E. (1995) Diversity of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 128, 219–228.
- Stevens, E. S. (2001) Green Plastics: An Introduction to the New Science of Biodegradable Plastics, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Tong, I. T., Cameron, D. C. (1992) Enhancement of 1,3-propanediol production by cofermentation in Escherichia coli expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae dha regulon genes, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 34/35, 149–159.
- Tong, I. T., Liao, H. H., Cameron, D. C. (1991) 1,3-Propanediol production by Escherichia coli expressing genes from the Klebsiella pneumoniae dha regulon, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 3541–3546.
- van Wegen, R. J., Ling, Y., Middelberg, A. P. J., Trans, I. (1998) Industrial production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) using Escherichia coli: an economic analysis, ChemE, Part A 76, 417–426.
Citing Literature
Biopolymers Online: Biology • Chemistry • Biotechnology • Applications
Browse other articles of this reference work: