Waste, 8. Landfilling and Deposition
First published: 15 January 2021
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1 | Goals and Tasks of a Landfill |
| 2 | Landfill Types |
| 2.1 | Landfill for Organic Waste |
| 2.2 | Landfills for Mineral Waste |
| 2.3 | Hybrid Forms |
| 2.4 | Mono-Landfills |
| 2.5 | Landfill Sections |
| 3 | Landfill Types |
| 4 | Landfill Classes |
| 5 | Landfill Construction |
| 5.1 | Pit Landfill |
| 5.2 | Area Landfill |
| 5.3 | Landfill on a Slope |
| 5.4 | Cassette Landfill |
| 5.5 | Landfill on Landfill |
| 6 | Emission Pathways of a Landfill |
| 6.1 | Air (Dust, Gas, and Gas Formation Rate) |
| 6.2 | Water (Leachate, Formation, and Quality) |
| 6.3 | Soil |
| 6.4 | Landscape Consumption |
| 7 | Approval Procedure |
| 7.1 | Criteria for Site Selection |
| 7.1.1 | Geological Barrier |
| 7.1.2 | Precipitation |
| 7.1.3 | Infrastructure |
| 7.1.4 | Surrounding Situation (Residential, Industrial Area, etc.) |
| 7.1.5 | Nature Conservation Issues |
| 7.1.6 | Groundwater Situation |
| 7.1.7 | Exposure to Natural Hazards |
| 7.1.8 | Stability of the Foundation |
| 8 | Phases of a Landfill |
| 8.1 | Landfill Establishment |
| 8.2 | Landfill Operation |
| 8.3 | Landfill Closure |
| 8.4 | Landfill Recultivation |
| 8.5 | Landfill Aftercare |
| 9 | Construction of a Landfill |
| 9.1 | Geological Barrier |
| 9.2 | Base Sealing/Side Sealing (Lateral Seal) |
| 9.3 | Dewatering Layer/Drainage |
| 9.4 | Standard Construction of the Base Sealing System |
| 9.5 | Leachate Collection |
| 9.6 | Equipment for Water Control (Level Pairs) |
| 9.7 | Leachate Treatment |
| 9.8 | Gas Collection and Utilization |
| 9.9 | Formation of Landfill Sections |
| 10 | Landfill Administration |
| 10.1 | Waste Acceptance Inspection |
| 10.2 | Scale/Weight Recording |
| 10.3 | Documentation of Waste Storage |
| 10.4 | Development of Cubage/Annual Survey/Overflight |
| 10.5 | Weather Recording |
| 10.6 | Regular Reporting on the Entire Landfill Operation |
| 11 | Landfill Operation |
| 11.1 | Deposition of Waste |
| 11.2 | Deposition of Special Waste |
| 11.3 | Machinery |
| 11.4 | Fire Protection and Fire Fighting |
| 11.5 | Work Safety |
| 12 | Landfill Leachate |
| 12.1 | Formation of Landfill Leachate |
| 12.2 | Composition of Landfill Leachate |
| 12.3 | Collection of Landfill Leachate |
| 12.4 | Treatment of Landfill Leachate |
| 12.4.1 | Introduction |
| 12.4.2 | Landfill Leachate Discharge Limits |
| 12.4.3 | Leachate Quality |
| 12.4.4 | Leachate Quantity |
| 12.4.5 | Leachate Treatment Options Dependent on Leachate Quality |
| 12.4.6 | Biological Leachate Treatment |
| 12.4.7 | Physical–Chemical Leachate Treatment |
| 12.4.8 | Problems Associated with Leachate Treatment |
| 12.4.9 | Final Remarks on Leachate Treatment |
| 12.5 | Monitoring of Landfill Leachate, Groundwater, and Surface Water |
| 12.5.1 | Groundwater Flow |
| 12.5.2 | Surface Water |
| 12.5.3 | Leachate-Monitoring Points |
| 12.5.4 | Groundwater-Monitoring Points |
| 12.5.5 | Quality Assurance Project Plan in Monitoring Systems |
| 12.5.6 | Threshold Value Assessment |
| 13 | Landfill Gas |
| 13.1 | Formation of Landfill Gas |
| 13.1.1 | Beginning of Gas Formation |
| 13.1.2 | Intensive Gas Formation |
| 13.1.3 | Decreasing Gas Formation |
| 13.2 | Landfill Gas Composition |
| 13.3 | Measurement of Landfill Gas |
| 13.3.1 | Direct Measurements |
| 13.3.2 | Indirect Measurement/Determination of Surface Emissions |
| 13.4 | Collection of Landfill Gas (Wells, Collection, and Compressor Stations) |
| 13.4.1 | Gas Collectors |
| 13.4.2 | Gas Collection Pipelines |
| 13.4.3 | Gas Collection Stations |
| 13.4.4 | Gas Compressor Stations |
| 13.5 | Landfill Gas Treatment |
| 13.5.1 | Recovery of Landfill Gas |
| 13.5.2 | Aeration |
| 13.5.3 | Work Safety |
| 14 | Dust |
| 15 | Closure of a Landfill |
| 15.1 | Operating Mode |
| 15.2 | Structure of the Surface Sealing System |
| 15.2.1 | Leveling Layer |
| 15.2.2 | Gas Drainage Layer |
| 15.3 | Sealing Components |
| 15.3.1 | Water Balance Layer |
| 15.3.2 | Mineral (Clay-Mineral) Sealing |
| 15.3.3 | Tempered Mineral Mixtures |
| 15.3.4 | Asphalt Seal |
| 15.3.5 | Capillary Barrier |
| 15.3.6 | Polymer-Modified Mineral Sealing Material |
| 15.3.7 | Geosynthetic Clay Liners |
| 15.3.8 | Plastic Sealing Sheets |
| 15.4 | Drainage Layer |
| 15.5 | Recultivation Layer |
| 15.6 | Technical Functional Layer |
| 15.7 | Sealing Control Systems |
| 16 | Recultivation of a Landfill |
| 17 | Aftercare |
| 18 | Financing a Landfill |
| 19 | Underground Disposal Facilities |
| 19.1 | Purpose and Goals |
| 19.2 | Relevant Waste Types |
| 19.3 | Geological Requirements |
| 19.4 | Conditions and Objectives for the Construction of an Underground Storage |
| 19.5 | Waste Acceptance, Control and Deposition Procedures |
| 19.6 | Administration and Documentation Duties |
| 19.7 | Retrieval of Waste |
| 19.8 | Landfill Closure and Aftercare |
| List of Abbreviations | |
| References | |
| Further Reading |
