Toxicology, 3. Evaluation of Toxic Effects
First published: 15 October 2011
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Acceptable risk, Comparison of Risks, and Establishing Acceptable Levels of Risk |
2. |
The Risk Assessment Process |
2.1. |
Hazard Identification Techniques |
2.2. |
Determination of Exposure |
2.3. |
Dose-Response Relationships |
2.4. |
Risk Characterization |
2.4.1. |
The Safety-Factor Methodology |
2.4.2. |
Risk Estimation Techniques for Nonthreshold Effects |
2.4.3. |
Mathematical Models Used in High- to Low-Dose Risk Extrapolation |
2.4.4. |
Interpretation of Data from Chronic Animal Bioassays |
2.4.5. |
Problems and Uncertainties in Risk Assessment |
3. |
Future Contributions of Scientifically Based Procedures to Risk Assessment and Qualitative Risk Assessment for Carcinogens |
4. |
Risk Assessment for Teratogens |
