Toxicology, 2. Assessment Methods
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Toxicological Studies: General Aspects |
2. |
Acute Toxicity |
2.1. |
Testing for Acute Toxicity by the Oral Route: LD50 Test and Fixed-Dose Method |
2.2. |
Testing for Acute Skin Toxicity |
2.3. |
Testing for Acute Toxicity by Inhalation |
3. |
Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies: Subacute, Subchronic and Chronic Studies |
4. |
Ophtalmic Toxicity |
5. |
Sensitization Testing |
6. |
Phototoxicity and Photosensitization Testing |
7. |
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Tests |
7.1. |
Fertility and General Reproductive Performance |
7.2. |
Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity |
7.3. |
Peri- and Postnatal Toxicity |
7.4. |
Multigeneration Studies |
7.5. |
The Role of Maternal Toxicity in Teratogenesis |
7.6. |
In Vitro Tests for Developmental Toxicity |
8. |
Bioassays to determine the carcinogenicity of chemicals in rodents |
9. |
In vitro and in vivo short-term tests for genotoxicity |
9.1. |
Microbial Tests for Mutagenicity |
9.1.1. |
The Ames Test for Bacterial Mutagenicity |
9.1.2. |
Mutagenicity Tests in Escherichia coli |
9.1.3. |
Fungal Mutagenicity Tests |
9.2. |
Eukaryotic Tests for Mutagenicity |
9.2.1. |
Mutation Tests in Drosophila melanogaster |
9.2.2. |
In Vitro Mutagenicity Tests in Mammalian Cells |
9.3. |
In Vivo Mammalian Mutation Tests |
9.3.1. |
Mouse Somatic Spot Test |
9.3.2. |
Mouse Specific Locus Test |
9.3.3. |
Dominant Lethal Test |
9.4. |
Test Systems Providing Indirect Evidence for DNA Damage |
9.4.1. |
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis (UDS) Assays |
9.4.2. |
Sister-Chromatid Exchange Test |
9.5. |
Tests for Chromosome Aberrations (Cytogenetic Assays) |
9.5.1. |
Cytogenetic Damage and its Consequences |
9.5.2. |
In Vitro Cytogenetic Assays |
9.5.3. |
In Vivo Cytogenetic Assays |
9.6. |
Malignant Transformation of Mammalian Cells in Culture |
9.7. |
In Vivo Carcinogenicity Studies of Limited Duration |
9.7.1. |
Induction of Altered Foci in the Rodent Liver |
9.7.2. |
Induction of Lung Tumors in Specific Sensitive Strains of Mice |
9.7.3. |
Induction of Skin Tumors in Specific Sensitive Strains of Mice |
9.8. |
Methods to Assess Primary DNA Damage |
9.8.1. |
Alkaline Elution Techniques |
9.8.2. |
Methods to Detect and Quantify DNA Modifications |
9.9. |
Interpretation of Results Obtained in Short-Term Tests |
10. |
Evaluation of Toxic Effects on the Immune System |
11. |
Toxicological Evaluation of the Nervous System |
11.1. |
Functional Observational Battery |
11.2. |
Locomotor Activity |
12. |
Effects on the Endocrine System |
