Vitamins, 6. B Vitamins

1.	Vitamin B₁ (Thiamin)
1.1.	Structure and Nomenclature
1.2.	History
1.3.	Physical Properties
1.4.	Chemical Properties
1.5.	Natural Occurrence and Isolation
1.6.	Biosynthesis in Microorganisms
1.6.1.	Biosynthesis of the Pyrimidine Component in Prokaryotes
1.6.2.	Biosynthesis of the Pyrimidine Component in Eukaryotes
1.6.3.	Biosynthesis of the Thiazole Component
1.6.4.	Biosynthesis of Thiamin Pyrophosphate
1.6.5.	Thiamin Biosynthetic Genes from E. coli
1.6.6.	Mapping and Cloning of Thiamin Biosynthetic Genes from Other Species
1.6.7.	Regulation of Thiamin Biosynthesis in Prokaryotes
1.6.8.	Regulation of Thiamin Biosynthesis in Yeasts
1.6.9.	Thiamin-Overexpressing Microorganisms
1.7.	Chemical Synthesis
1.7.1.	Condensation of the Pyrimidine and Thiazole Rings
1.7.2.	Construction of the Thiazole Ring on a Preformed Pyrimidine Portion
1.8.	Commercial Forms
1.9.	Derivatives, Analogues, and Antimetabolites
1.10.	Biochemical and Physiological Functions
1.10.1.	Metabolic Functions in the Organism
1.10.2.	Thiamin Requirements and Deficiency
1.11.	Analytical Methods
2.	Riboflavin
2.1.	Introduction
2.2.	History
2.3.	Physical and Chemical Properties
2.4.	Occurrence
2.5.	Biosynthesis
2.6.	Production
2.6.1.	Syntheses
2.6.2.	Industrial Chemical Production
2.6.3.	Industrial Production by Fermentation
2.6.4.	Syntheses of Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
2.6.5.	Syntheses of Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
2.7.	Importance for the Organism
2.8.	Requirements, Deficiency Symptoms, and Therapeutic Application
2.9.	Analysis
2.10.	Economic Aspects
2.11.	Tolerance
3.	Vitamin B₆
3.1.	Introduction
3.2.	History
3.3.	Physical Properties
3.4.	Chemical Reactions
3.5.	Occurrence
3.6.	Biosynthesis
3.7.	Production of Vitamin B₆ Compounds
3.7.1.	Pyridoxine
3.7.1.1.	Oxidative Degradation of Bicyclic Heterocyclic Compounds
3.7.1.2.	Condensation Reactions with Aliphatic Precursors
3.7.1.3.	From Furan Compounds
3.7.1.4.	Diels - Alder Syntheses with Oxazoles
3.7.1.5.	Cobalt-Catalyzed [2+2+2]-Cycloaddition Reactions of Acetylenes and Acetonitrile
3.7.2.	Pyridoxine 5′-Phosphate
3.7.3.	Pyridoxal
3.7.4.	Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate
3.7.5.	Pyridoxamine
3.7.6.	Pyridoxamine 5′-Phosphate
3.8.	Metabolism and Importance for the Organism
3.9.	Deficiency Symptoms and Applications
3.10.	Analysis
3.11.	Economic Aspects
3.12.	Requirements and Tolerance
4.	Vitamin B₁₂ (Cobalamins)
4.1.	Introduction
4.2.	Properties of Vitamin B₁₂
4.3.	Analysis
4.4.	Biosynthesis
4.5.	Production
4.5.1.	Fermentation
4.5.2.	Work-Up
4.5.3.	Patents and Scientific Survey
4.6.	Specifications and Legal Aspects
4.7.	Economic Aspects

Specific References

General References

177 R. I. Williams, R. E. Eakin, E. Beerstecher, W. Shive: The Biochemistry of B-Vitamins, Reinhold Publ., New York 1950, p. 26.
Google Scholar
178 J. Fragner: Vitamine, Chemie u. Biochemie, G. Fischer, Jena 1965, p. 1406.
Google Scholar
179 F. Müller (ed.): Chemistry and Biochemistry of Flavoenzymes, vol. I, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1991.
Google Scholar
180 P. D. Boyer (ed.): Reviews in the Enzymes, 3rd ed., vol. XI–XIII, Academic Press, New York 1975.
Google Scholar
181 L. J. Machlin (ed.): Handbook of Vitamins, Nutritional, Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, Marcel Dekker, New York 1984.
Google Scholar
182 S. G. Flavell Matto: Vitamins in Medicine, vol. 1, W. Heinemann Verlag, London 1980, p. 426.
Google Scholar
183 R. Strohecker, H. M. Henning: Vitaminbestimmungen, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany 1963, pp. 101 ff.
Google Scholar
184 H. Baker, O. Frank in R. S. Rivlin (ed.): Riboflavin, Plenum Press, New York 1975, pp. 49 ff.
10.1007/978-1-4613-4419-3_2
Google Scholar
185 W. N. Pearson: Riboflavin, in P. Gyorgy, W. N. Pearson (eds.): The Vitamins, vol. 7, Academic Press, New York 1967, pp. 99 ff.
10.1016/B978-1-4831-9702-9.50010-7
Google Scholar

Specific References

186 The Commission of the Nomenclature of Biological Chemistry (IUPAC), J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82 (1960) 5581.
Google Scholar
187 T. B. Osborne, L. B. Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 15 (1913) 311.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
188 A. D. Emmet, L. H. McKin, J. Biol. Chem. 32 (1917) 409.
Google Scholar
189 O. Warburg, W. Christian, Biochem. Z. 254 (1932) 438.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
190 O. Warburg, W. Christian, Biochem. Z. 266 (1933) 377.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
191 R. Kuhn, P. György, T. Wagner-Jauregg, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. A 66 (1933) 576.
10.1002/cber.19330660427
Web of Science® Google Scholar
192 R. Kuhn, H. Rudy, T. Wagner-Jauregg, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. A 66 (1933) 1950.
10.1002/cber.19330661232
Web of Science® Google Scholar
193 R. Kuhn, H. Rudy, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. A 67 (1934) 1125, 1298.
10.1002/cber.19340670732
Google Scholar
194 P. Karrer, K. Schöpp, F. Benz, Helv. Chim. Acta 18 (1935) 426.
10.1002/hlca.19350180152
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
195 P. Karrer, K. Schöpp, K. Pfaehler, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. A 68 (1935) 216.
10.1002/cber.19350680144
Web of Science® Google Scholar
196 R. Kuhn, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. A 68 (1935) 1765.
10.1002/cber.19350680922
Web of Science® Google Scholar
197 D. V. Frost, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 (1947) 1064.
10.1021/ja01197a027
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
198 D. E. Guttmann, M. Y. Athalye, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed. 49 (1960) 687.
10.1002/jps.3030491102
Google Scholar
199 A. Ehrenberg, Vitam. Horm. (N.Y.) 28 (1970) 489–504.
Google Scholar
200 G. Richter et al., J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) no. 12, 4050–4056.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
201 G. Richter et al., J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) no. 13, 4045–4051.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
202 R. Volk, A. Bacher, J. Biol. Chem. 266 (1991) no. 31, 20610–20618.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
203 K. Schott, R. Ladenstein, A. König, A. Bacher, J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) no. 21, 12686–12689.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
204 K. Schott, J. Kellermann, F. Lottspeich, A. Bacher, J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990) no. 8, 4204–4209.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
205 A. Bacher in F. Müller (ed.): Chemistry and Biochemistry of Flavoenzymes, vol. I, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1991, pp. 215–259.
Google Scholar
206 P. Karrer, K. Schöpp, F. Benz, Helv. Chim. Acta 18 (1935) 426.
10.1002/hlca.19350180152
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
207 H. v. Euler et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 18 (1935) 522.
10.1002/hlca.19350180170
CAS Google Scholar
208 P. Karrer et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 18 (1935) 1435.
10.1002/hlca.193501801196
CAS Google Scholar
209 R. Kuhn et al., Naturwissenschaften 23 (1935) 260.
10.1007/BF01493938
CAS Google Scholar
210 R. Kuhn, Chem. Ztg. 59 (1935) 604.
Google Scholar
211 R. Kuhn, K. Reinemund, F. Weygand, R. Ströbele, Chem. Ber. 68 (1935) 1765.
10.1002/cber.19350680922
Web of Science® Google Scholar
212 P. Karrer, H. Meerwein, Helv. Chim. Acta 18 (1935) 1130;
10.1002/hlca.193501801155
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
Helv. Chim. Acta 19 (1936) 264.
10.1002/hlca.19360190141
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
213 M. Tishler et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69 (1947) 1487.
10.1021/ja01198a068
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
214 Hoffmann-La Roche, US 2 422 997, 1947 (H. M. Wüst).
Google Scholar
215 BASF, DE 2 558 515, 2 558 516, 1975 (H. Scholz).
Google Scholar
216 Merck & Co., US 2 420 210, 1947 (M. Tishler).
Google Scholar
217 F. Weygand, Chem. Ber. 53 (1940) 1259.
10.1002/cber.19400731118
Google Scholar
218 Miles Lab., US 2 406 774, 1946 (J. Kamlet).
Google Scholar
219 F. Yoneda, Y. Sakuma, M. Ichiba, K. Shinomura, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 20 (1972) 1832.
10.1248/cpb.20.1832
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
220 F. Yoneda, Y. Sakuma, K. Shinomura, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1, 1978, 348.
10.1039/p19780000348
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
221 BASF, US 4 125 559, 1978 (H. Scholz, G. Gotsmann).
Google Scholar
222 Hoffman-La Roche, US 2 438 881, 1948 (L. H. Sternbach).
Google Scholar
223 Tokyo Tanabe Pharm. Co, JP-Kokai 7 3 28 410, 1971 (Y. Takahashi, T. Sekine, Y. Kikushi).
Google Scholar
224 V. Bilik, Chem. Zvesti 26 (1972) 372.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
225 Merck, EP 20959, 1980 (R. Wolf, F. Reiff, R. Wittmann, J. Butzke).
Google Scholar
226 BASF, EP 288 847, 1988 (W. Dobler, J. Paust).
Google Scholar
227 Takeda Chem. Ind., DE 2 454 931, 1975 (K. Sasajima et al.).
Google Scholar
228 Takeda Chem. Ind., EP 501 765, 1992 (K. Miyagawa, J. Miyazaki, N. Kanzaki).
Google Scholar
229 BASF, EP 115 295, 1984 (H. Ernst, W. Schmidt, J. Paust).
Google Scholar
230 Chas. Pfizer & Co., US 2 324 800, 1941 (P. Pasternack, E. V. Brown).
Google Scholar
231 BASF, DE 3 421 714, 1984 (J. Grimmer, H. C. Horn).
Google Scholar
232 Coors Biotech Products Co., WO 92/01060, 1992 (R. Bailey et al.).
Google Scholar
233 Hoffmann-La Roche, EP-A 0 405 370, 1989 (J. Perkins et al.).
Google Scholar
234 Ajinomoto Co., EP-A 0 531 708, 1991 (N. Usui et al.).
Google Scholar
235 M. J. Buitrago, G. A. Gonzales, J. E. Saiz, J. Revuelta, Yeast 9 (1993) 1099–1102.
10.1002/yea.320091009
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
236 R. Kuhn, H. Rudy, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. B 68 (1935) 383.
10.1002/cber.19350680236
Web of Science® Google Scholar
237 V. M. Berezovskii, R. V. Artemkina, E. D. Komuteva, J. Gen. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.) 34 (1963) 2813.
Google Scholar
238 G. Scola-Nagelschneider, P. Hemmerich, Eur. J. Biochem. 66 (1976) 567.
10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10583.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
239 P. Nielsen, P. Rauschenbach, H. Bacher, Methods Enzymol. 122 (1986) 209.
10.1016/0076-6879(86)22172-2
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
240 Chem. Eng. N.Y. 61 (1954) no. 8, 146;
Web of Science® Google Scholar
61 (1954) no. 11, 120.
Google Scholar
241 Hoffmann-La Roche, US 2 610 177, 1952 (L. A. Flexser, W. G. Farkas).
Google Scholar
242 BASF, EP 336 214, 1988 (W. Dobler, M. Eggersdorfer, J. Paust).
Google Scholar
243 I. G. Moffat, H. G. Khorona, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (1961) 649.
10.1021/ja01464a034
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
244 F. Cramer, H. Neunkreffer, Chem. Ber. 95 (1962) 1664.
10.1002/cber.19620950714
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
245 Y. Akahabe, JP 7 3 86 898, 1972.
Google Scholar
246 Yamasa Shoyu Co., DE-OS 2 038 262, 1970 (K. Tamura et al.).
Google Scholar
247 Takeda Chem. Ind., JP 9037 (65), 1961 (T. Suzuki et al.).
Google Scholar
248 Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, EP-A 542 240, 1993 (M. Arimoto et al.).
Google Scholar
249 A. Bacher in F. Müller (ed.): Chemistry and Biochemistry of Flavoenzymes, vol. I, Chap. 15, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1990, pp. 349–370.
Google Scholar
250 R. D. Williams, H. L. Mason, P. L. Cusik, R. M. Wilder, J. Nutr. 35 (1943) 361.
10.1093/jn/25.4.361
Google Scholar
251 M. K. Horwitt, J. Nutr. 39 (1949) 357.
10.1093/jn/39.3.357
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
252 I. A. Tillotson, E. M. Baker, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25 (1972) 425.
10.1093/ajcn/25.4.425
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
253 A. Maquinay, N. Broukou, J. Pharm. Belg. 39 (1957) 350.
Google Scholar
254 R. P. Hansinger, J. F. Honeck, Ch. Walsh, Methods Enzymol. 122 (1986) (Vitam. Coenzyms, PT. G) 199–209.
10.1016/0076-6879(86)22171-0
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
255 C. Vidal-Valerde, A. Reche, J. Liq. Chromatogr. 13 (1990) no. 10, 2089–2101.
10.1080/01483919008049015
Web of Science® Google Scholar
256 P. Nielsen, P. Rauschenbach, A. Bacher, Anal. Biochem. 130 (1983) 359–368.
10.1016/0003-2697(83)90600-0
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
257 IUPAC–IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature: Nomenclature for Vitamins B₆ and Related Compounds, Recommendations, Eur. J. Biochem. 40 (1973) 325.
10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03200.x
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
258 J. Goldberger, C. A. Wheelen, R. D. Lillie, L. M. Rogers, Public Health Rep. 41 (1926) 297.
10.2307/4577789
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
259 P. György, Nature (London) 133 (1934) 498;
10.1038/133498a0
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
Biochem. J. 29 (1935) 741.
10.1042/bj0290741
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
T. W. Birch, P. György, Biochem. J. 30 (1936) 304.
10.1042/bj0300304
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
260 S. Lepkovsky, Science (Washington D. C. 1883) 87 (1938) 169;
10.1126/science.87.2251.169
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
J. Biol. Chem. 124 (1938) 125.
CAS Google Scholar
J. C. Keresztesy, J. R. Stevens, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 38 (1938) 64;
10.3181/00379727-38-9740P
Google Scholar
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 1267.
10.1021/ja01272a507
CAS Google Scholar
P. György, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 983.
10.1021/ja01271a505
CAS Google Scholar
R. Kuhn, G. Wendt, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 71 (1938) 780, 1118.
Google Scholar
A. Ichiba, K. Mití, Sci. Pap. Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Jpn. 34 (1938) 623;
CAS Google Scholar
Chem. Abstr. 32 (1938) 7534.
Google Scholar
261 S. A. Harris, K. Folkers, Science (Washington D.C. 1883) 89 (1939) 347.
10.1126/science.89.2311.347
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
S. A. Harris, E. T. Stiller, K. Folkers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939) 1245.
10.1021/ja01874a069
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
R. Kuhn, K. Westphal, G. Wendt, O. Westphal, Naturwissenschaften 27 (1939) 469.
10.1007/BF01489437
CAS Google Scholar
262 E. E. Snell, B. M. Guirard, R. J. Williams, J. Biol. Chem. 143 (1942) 519.
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)72641-0
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
E. E. Snell, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66 (1944) 2082;
10.1021/ja01240a024
CAS Google Scholar
J. Biol. Chem. 154 (1944) 313;
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
157 (1945) 491.
Google Scholar
E. E. Snell, A. N. Rannefeld, J. Biol. Chem. 157 (1945) 475.
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)51083-8
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
263 S. Ohdake, Bull. Agric. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 8 (1932) 11.
10.1271/bbb1924.8.11
Google Scholar
264 Kirk-Othmer, 2nd ed., 16, 806.
Google Scholar
265 O. Isler, G. Brubacher, S. Ghisla, B. Kräutler in: Vitamine II, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1988.
Google Scholar
266 H. Y. Aboul-Enein, M. A. Loutfy, Anal. Profiles Drug Subst. 13 (1984) 447.
10.1016/S0099-5428(08)60199-9
CAS Google Scholar
267 Ullmann, 4th ed., 23, 671.
Google Scholar
268 J. M. Osbond, Vitam. Horm. N.Y. 22 (1964) 387.
Google Scholar
269 J. Marks: A Guide to the Vitamins, MTP Press, Lancaster 1975, p. 93.
10.1007/978-94-011-9797-7_11
Web of Science® Google Scholar
270 H. E. Sauberlich, M. J. Kretsch, H. L. Johnson, R. A. Nelson in D. C. Beitz, R. G. Hansen (eds.): Animal Products in Human Nutrition, Academic Press, New York 1982, p. 339.
10.1016/B978-0-12-086380-8.50022-3
Google Scholar
271 W. Friedrich: Handbuch der Vitamine, Urban & Schwarzenberg, München 1987, p. 349.
Google Scholar
272 J. E. Leklem in L. J. Machlin (ed.): Handbook of Vitamins, 2nd ed., Marcel Dekker, New York 1991, p. 341.
Google Scholar
273 R. E. Hill et al. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 7463.
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)47589-8
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
274 R. E. Hill, B. G. Sayer, I. D. Spencer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111 (1989) 1916.
10.1021/ja00187a076
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
275 W. B. Dempsey in F. C. Neidhardt et al. (eds.): Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington 1987, p. 539.
Google Scholar
276 H.-M. Lam, M. E. Winkler, J. Bacteriol. 172 (1990) 6518.
10.1128/jb.172.11.6518-6528.1990
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
277 H. König, W. Böll, Chem. Ztg. 100 (1976) 105.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
278 A. Ichiba, K. Miti, Sci. Pap. Inst. Phys. Chem. Res. Jpn. 36 (1939) 173;
Google Scholar
Chem. Abstr. 33 (1939) 8201.
Google Scholar
279 IG Farbenind., DE 699 555, 1939 (W. Salzer).
Google Scholar
IG Farbenind., DE 710 396, 1939 (W. Salzer).
Google Scholar
280 S. A. Harris, K. Folkers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 61 (1939) 1245, 3307.
10.1021/ja01267a021
CAS Google Scholar
S. A. Harris, K. Folkers, Science (Washington D. C. 1883) 89 (1939) 347.
10.1126/science.89.2311.347
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
281 Hoffmann-La Roche, US 2 384 136, 1941 (O. Schnider).
Google Scholar
282 K. Aso, Tohoku J. Agric. Res. 1 (1950) 125.
CAS Google Scholar
283 Sadolin und Holmblad, DE 1 134 379, 1954 (N. Clauson-Kaas, N. Elmig)
Google Scholar
N. Clauson-Kaas, N. Elmig, Z. Tyle, Acta Chem. Scand. 9 (1955) 1, 9, 14, 17, 23.
Google Scholar
284 BASF, DE 1 935 009, 1969 (F. Graf, H. König).
Google Scholar
285 T. Shono, Y. Matsumara, K. Tsubata, J. Takata, Chem. Lett. 1981, 1121.
10.1246/cl.1981.1121
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
286 G. Y. Kondratyeva, Khim. Nauka Promst. 2 (1957) 666.
Google Scholar
287 G. Y. Kondratyeva, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 141 (1961) 628, 861.
Google Scholar
Hoffmann-La Roche, US 3 250 778, 1962 (W. Kimel, W. Leimgruber).
Google Scholar
E. E. Harris, R. A. Firestone, J. Org. Chem. 27 (1962) 2705.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
288 P. Karrer, G. Granacher, Helv. Chim. Acta 7 (1924) 763.
10.1002/hlca.19240070192
Web of Science® Google Scholar
289 Takeda, JP-035 887, 1966 (T. Miki, T. Matsuo).
Google Scholar
T. Miki, T. Matsuo, Yakugaku Zasshi 87 (1967) 323.
10.1248/yakushi1947.87.3_323
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
290 Ajinomoto, FR 1 533 817, 1968 (R. Yoshida, I. Maeda, S. Asai, M. Takehara).
Google Scholar
I. Maeda et al. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 42 (1969) 1435.
10.1246/bcsj.42.1435
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
Shanghai Med. Indust. Inst., CN 86 101 512, 1986 (Zhou Houyuan).
Google Scholar
291 Hoffmann-La Roche, US 3 222 374, 1964 (G. O. Chase).
Google Scholar
292 Hoffmann-La Roche, DE 2 847 625, 1978 (H. Hoffmann-Paquotte).
Google Scholar
293 Hoffmann-La Roche, EP 492 233, 1990 (P. Nösberger).
Google Scholar
294 Hoffmann-La Roche, CH 578/93, 1993 [=EP 612 736] (W. Bonrath, R. Karge, H. Pauling).
Google Scholar
295 Hoffmann-La Roche, US 3 250 778, 1962 (W. Kimel, W. Leimgruber).
Google Scholar
296 BASF, DE 2 143 989, 1971 (W. Böll, H. König).
Google Scholar
BASF, DE 2 717 478, 1977 (W. Böll, H. König).
Google Scholar
297 Daiichi, JP 57 134 467, 1981 (S. Shimada, M. Oki).
Google Scholar
298 R. E. Geiger, M. Lalonde, H. Stoller, K. Schleich, Helv. Chim. Acta 67 (1984) 1274.
10.1002/hlca.19840670513
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
C. A. Parnell, K. P. C. Vollhardt, Tetrahedron 41 (1985) 5791.
10.1016/S0040-4020(01)91418-8
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
299 A. N. Wilson, S. A. Harris, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73 (1951) 4693.
10.1021/ja01154a062
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
J. Baddiley, A. P. Mathias, J. Chem. Soc. 1952, 2583.
Google Scholar
Targa S. A., ES 516 847 A 1, 1982 (F. Montoro, J. Calatayad).
Google Scholar
300 C. J. Argoudelis, J. Agric. Food Chem. 34 (1986) 995.
10.1021/jf00072a016
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
301 M. Viscontini, C. Ebnöther, P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 34 (1951) 1834.
10.1002/hlca.19510340617
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
302 E. A. Peterson, H. A. Sober, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (1954) 169.
10.1021/ja01630a045
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
303 M. Iwata, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 54 (1981) 2835.
10.1246/bcsj.54.2835
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
304 S. A. Harris, D. Heyl, K. Folkers, J. Biol. Chem. 154 (1944) 315.
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)71973-X
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
S. A. Harris, D. Heyl, K. Folkers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 66 (1944) 2088.
10.1021/ja01240a025
CAS Google Scholar
305 D. Heyl, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70 (1948) 3434.
10.1021/ja01190a063
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
306 Merck, GB 852 398, 1960.
Google Scholar
307 Hoffmann-La Roche, US 2 755 284, 1954 (R. F. Long).
Google Scholar
308 Nisshin Flour Milling Co., JP 75 131 965, 1974 (J. Hamashima, K. Minami).
Google Scholar
309 M. Viscontini, P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 35 (1952) 1924.
10.1002/hlca.19520350618
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
310 M. Iwanami, T. Numata, M. Murakami, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 41 (1968) 161.
10.1246/bcsj.41.161
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
S. Wang, Huadong Huagong Xueyuan Xuebao, 3 (1983) 369;
Google Scholar
Chem. Abstr. 100 (1984) 209 986.
Google Scholar
311 K. Nakagawa, M. Matsui, Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi 42 (1968) 300.
10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.42.5_300
CAS Google Scholar
312 Merck, US 3 124 587, 1960 (G. Schorre).
Google Scholar
313 Daiichi, JP 68 15 437, 1969 (T. Yoshikawa, T. Kabayashi, F. Ishikawa, T. Naito).
Google Scholar
314 H. Tsuge, J. Sakuma, K. Ozeki, K. Ohashi, Vitamin 55 (1981) 437;
CAS Google Scholar
Chem. Abstr. 95 (1981) 202 054.
Google Scholar
315 H. Yamada, S. Shimizu, Y. Tani, T. Hino, Enzyme Eng. 5 (1980) 405;
10.1007/978-1-4684-3749-2_66
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
Chem. Abstr. 94 (1981) 28 873.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
316 P. Karrer, M. Viscontini, D. Forster, Helv. Chim. Acta 31 (1948) 1016.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
317 M. V. Balyakina, N. L. Yakovleva, V. I. Gunar, Khim. Farm. Zh. 14 (1980) 79;
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
Chem. Abstr. 93 (1980) 204 416.
Google Scholar
318 Lepetit S.p.A, DE 1 012 604, 1955 (G. Carrara, E. Testa).
Google Scholar
319 Takeda, JP 52 128 378, 1976 (Y. Fujiwara, T. Niinobe).
Google Scholar
320 Unitika Ltd., JP 52 005 772, 1975 (J. Tabuse, Y. Yabushita).
Google Scholar
321 Takeda, BE 648 226, 1964 (A. Euchi, K. Kunimitsu, M. Tetsuo, T. Noriaki, Y. Mikio).
Google Scholar
322 W. S. McNutt, E. E. Snell, J. Biol. Chem. 182 (1950) 557.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
323 M. Viscontini, C. Ebnöther, P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 34 (1951) 2199.
10.1002/hlca.19510340713
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
324 P. F. Mühlradt, Y. Morino, E. E. Snell, J. Med. Chem. 10 (1967) 341.
10.1021/jm00315a012
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
325 L. M. Henderson in R. D. Reynolds, J. E. Leklem (eds.): Vitamin B₆ . Its Role in Health and Disease, A. R. Riss, New York 1985, p. 22.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
326 L. Lumeng, T.-K. Li in G. P. Tryfiates (ed.): Vitamin B₆ Metabolism and Role in Growth, Food and Nutrition Press, Westpoint, CT 1980, p. 27.
Google Scholar
327 H. Wada, E. E. Snell, J. Biol. Chem. 236 (1961) 2089.
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64134-1
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
328 A. H. Merrill et al. J. Nutr. 114 (1984) 1664.
10.1093/jn/114.9.1664
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
329 V. E. Allgood, J. A. Cidlowski, J. Nutr. Biochem. 2 (1991) 523.
10.1016/0955-2863(91)90052-7
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
330 G. Litwack, N. M. Robertson, A. B. Maksymowych, M. Celiker in M. M. Jacobs (ed.): Vitamins and Minerals in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer, CRC Press, Boca Raton 1991, p. 19.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
331 J. P. Bonjour, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 50 (1980) 215.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
332 J. M. Henderson et al. Hepatology (Baltimore) 6 (1986) 464.
10.1002/hep.1840060324
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
333 R. R. Brown et al. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28 (1975) 10.
10.1093/ajcn/28.1.10
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
334 H. B. Carlsson, E. M. Anthony, W. F. Russel, G. Middlebrook, N. Engl. J. Med. 225 (1956) 118.
10.1056/NEJM195607192550304
Web of Science® Google Scholar
335 S. Wason, P. G. Lacouture, F. H. Lovejoy, JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 246 (1981) 1102.
10.1001/jama.1981.03320100038026
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
336 L. E. Hollister, F. F. Moore, F. Forrest, J. L. Bennett, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 19 (1966) 307.
10.1093/ajcn/19.5.307
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
337 K. H. Bässler, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 58 (1988) 105.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
338 A. H. Merrill, J. M. Henderson, Annu. Rev. Nutr. 7 (1987) 137.
10.1146/annurev.nu.07.070187.001033
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
339 M. L. Orr: “Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B₆, and Vitamin B₁₂ in Foods,” Home Econ. Res. Rep. 36 (1969) 53.
Google Scholar
340 J. F. Gregory, J. Food Comp. Anal. 1 (1988) 105.
10.1016/0889-1575(88)90014-2
Google Scholar
341 S. P. Colowick, N. O. Kaplan: Methods in Enzymology, Academic Press, New York-London 1970, pp. 505, 509.
Google Scholar
342 J. P. Vuilleumier, J. P. Keller, R. Rettenmeier, F. Hunziker, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 53 (1983) 359.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
343 N. Raica, H. E. Sauberlich, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 15 (1965) 67.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
344 H. E. Sauberlich, P. D. Dowdy, J. H. Skala: Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, CRC Press, Cleveland, OH 1974, p. 37.
Google Scholar
345 G. Brubacher, W. Müller-Mulot, D. A. T. Southgate: Methods for the Determination of Vitamins in Food, Applied Science Publ., London 1984, p. 129.
Google Scholar
346 D. Hess, J. P. Vuilleumier, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 59 (1989) 338.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
347 Chem. Mark. Rep. (1994) Sept. 12.
Google Scholar
348 Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed., National Academic Press, Washington 1989.
Google Scholar
349 M. Brin in: Human Vitamin B6 Requirements, National Academy of Sciences, Washington 1978, p. 1.
Google Scholar
350 J. C. Bauernfeind, O. N. Miller in: Human Vitamin B6 Requirements, National Academy of Sciences, Washington 1978, p. 78.
Google Scholar
351 K. S. Khera, Experientia 31 (1975) 469.
10.1007/BF02026385
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
352 M. R. Marathe, G. P. Thomas, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 30 (1986) 264.
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
353 H. Schaumberg et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 309 (1983) 445.
10.1056/NEJM198308253090801
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
354 M. Cohen, A. Bendich, Toxicol. Lett. 34 (1986) 129.
10.1016/0378-4274(86)90202-X
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
355 A. Bendich, M. Cohen, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 585 (1990) 321.
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28064.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
356 K. H. Bässler in P. Walter, H. Stähelin, G. Brubacher (eds.): Elevated Dosages of Vitamins, Hans Huber Publ., Toronto; Lewinston, New York Bern, Stuttgart 1989, p. 120.
Google Scholar
357 B. Kräutler, D. Kohler, E. Stupperich, Eur. J. Biochem. 176 (1988) 461–469.
10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14303.x
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
358 G. Barrère et al., Pour la Science 49 (1981) 56–64.
Google Scholar
359 B. Kräutler: Wasserlösliche Vitamine in O. Isler (ed.): Vitamine, vol. 2, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1986, pp. 340–388.
Google Scholar
360 R. Strohecker, H. M. Hening: Vitamin Assay — Tested Methods, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany 1966.
Google Scholar
361 A. I. Scott, Tetrahedron 50 (1994) no. 47, 13 315 –13 333.
Google Scholar
362 A. R. Battersby, Science 264 (1994) 1551–1557.
10.1126/science.8202709
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
363 J. R. Roth et al., J. Bacteriol. 175 (1993) no. 11, 3303–3316.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
364 C. Spalla et al. in E. J. Vandame (ed.): Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors, vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1989, pp. 257–284.
10.1007/978-94-009-1111-6_15
Google Scholar
365 D. Perlman, Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 1 (1959) 87–122.
10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70476-3
CAS PubMed Google Scholar
366 J. Florent, L. Ninent in H. J. Peppler, D. Perlmann (eds.) Microbial Technology, Academic Press, New York 1979, pp. 497–519.
10.1016/B978-0-12-551501-6.50020-6
Google Scholar
367 Rhône-Poulenc Biochimie, WO 91/11 518, 1991 (F. Blanche et al.).
Google Scholar
368 Merck und Co., Inc., US 2 939 822, 1960 (J. M. Miller, C. Rosenblum).
Google Scholar
369 M. Doudoroff et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 24 (1974) no. 2, 294–300.
10.1099/00207713-24-2-294
Web of Science® Google Scholar
370 Pierrel, GB 1 007 972, 1965 (I. Rolovich, G. Ragri).
Google Scholar
371 W. Friedrich: Handbuch der Vitamine, Urban + Schwarzenberg, München 1987, p. 581.
Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Vitamins, 6. B Vitamins

This is not the most recent version, view other versions

Vitamin, 6. Vitamin B₁ (Thiamin)

Vitamins, 6. B Vitamins

Vitamins

Abstract

Specific References

General References

Specific References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Vitamins, 6. B Vitamins

This is not the most recent version, view other versions

Vitamin, 6. Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Vitamins, 6. B Vitamins

Vitamins

Abstract

Specific References

General References

Specific References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information

Vitamin, 6. Vitamin B₁ (Thiamin)