Polymers, Biodegradable

1.	Glossary and Abbreviations
2.	Introduction
3.	Biodegradability and Toxicology
3.1.	Mechanism of Biodegradation
3.2.	Toxicity of Biodegradable Polymers
3.3.	Standards for Biodegradable Polymers
3.3.1.	Controlled Composting Test
3.3.2.	Standard Assessment of Biodegradable Polymers
4.	Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Suppliers
4.1.	Raw Materials
4.2.	Starch
4.3.	Poly(lactic acid) (Polylactide, PLA)
4.4.	Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
4.5.	Synthetic Polyesters
4.5.1.	Aliphatic Polyesters
4.5.2.	Aliphatic/Aromatic Polyesters
4.6.	Other Synthetic Polymers
4.7.	Compounds
4.7.1.	Compounds of Starch and Biodegradable Polyesters
4.7.2.	Compounds of PLA and Biodegradable Polyesters
4.8.	Cellulose Derivatives
5.	Processing and Additives
5.1.	Introduction
5.2.	Extrusion
5.3.	Blown-Film Extrusion
5.4.	Cast-Film Extrusion
5.5.	Modification of Biodegradable Films
5.6.	Extrusion Coating
5.7.	Sheet Extrusion and Thermoforming
5.8.	Injection Molding
5.9.	Blow Molding
6.	Market Overview and Growth Drivers
7.	Value of Biodegradability—Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
8.	Applications
8.1.	Organic Waste Bags
8.2.	Shopping (Carrier) Bags
8.3.	Mulch Film
8.4.	Horticulture
8.5.	Packaging
8.5.1.	Food Packaging
8.5.2.	Nonfood Packaging
9.	Production Capacity
10.	Outlook
11.	References

References

1 C. Bastioli (ed.): Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, Rapra 2006;
Google Scholar
A. Steinbüchel, Y. Doi (eds.): Biopolymers, vol. 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002.
Google Scholar
2 I. Kleeberg, C. Hetz, R. M. Kroppenstedt, R.-M. Müller, W.-D. Deckwer, Appl. Environ. Microbiology 64 (1998) 1731.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
3 I. Kleeberg, K. Wetzel, J. VandenHeuvel, R.-J. Müller, W.-D. Deckwer, Biomacromolecules 6 (2005) 262.
10.1021/bm049582t
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
4 R. J. Müller, Biol. unserer Zeit 31 (2000) 215.
10.1002/1521-3943(200009)31:5<215::AID-PIUZ215>3.0.CO;2-0
Web of Science® Google Scholar
5 U. Witt, T. Einig, M. Yamamoto, I. Kleeberg, W. Deckwer, R. J. Müller, Chemosphere 44 (2001) 289.
10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00162-4
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
6 O. Fränzle, M. Straškraba, S. E. Jørgensen: Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
7 B. De Wilde, “Comparison of Certification Systems”, Lecture on 30.09.2008.
Google Scholar
8 S. S. Yazdani, R. Gonzalez, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 18 (2007) 213.
10.1016/j.copbio.2007.05.002
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
9 B. Kamm, M. Kamm, Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 105 (2007) 175.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
10 C. Bastioli, Lectio Magistralis 2008, University of Genua.
Google Scholar
11 M. Malveda, M. Blagoev, A. Kishi, Lactic Acid, Its Salts and Esters, Chemical Economics Handbook 2006, SRI consulting, Menlo Park 2006.
Google Scholar
12 J. B. McKinlay, C. Vieille, J. G. Zeikus, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 76 (2006) 727.
10.1007/s00253-007-1057-y
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
13 J. J. M Swinkels: Starch Terminology, Ref. no. 109202/1095, AVEBE, Veendam, Netherlands, 1995, p. 4.
Google Scholar
14 J. J. M Swinkels: Differences between commercial starches, Ref. no. 05.00.01.012.EF, AVEBE, Veendam, Netherlands, 1988, p. 4.
Google Scholar
15 J. J. M Swinkels: Industrial Starch Chemistry; Ref. no. 109341/0399/vG/1000, AVEBE, Veendam, Netherlands, 1999, p. 28.
Google Scholar
16 D. Bendix, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 129.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00149-3
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
17 J. Lunt, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 145.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00148-1
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
18 D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Envir. 9 (2001) 63 – 84.
10.1023/A:1020200822435
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
19 Cargill, US 5357035, 1994 (P. R. Gruber et al.).
Google Scholar
20 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, US 5310865, 1994 (K. Enomoto, M. Ajioka, A. Yamaguchi).
Google Scholar
21 M. Spinu, C. Jackson, M. Y. Keating, K. H. Gardner, J. Macromol. Sci. A33 (1996) 1497.
10.1080/10601329608014922
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
22 J. Kolstad, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 62 (1996) 1079.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961114)62:7<1079::AID-APP14>3.0.CO;2-1
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
23 R. E. Conn, J. J. Kolstad, J. F. Borzelleca, D. S. Dixler, L. J. Filer, B. N. LaDu, M. W. Pariza, Food Chem. Toxicol. 33 (1995) 273.
10.1016/0278-6915(94)00145-E
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
24 NatureWorks LLC, www.natureworksllc.com (accessed 29 October 2008).
Google Scholar
25 Cargill Dow LLC, Mitsui Chemicals, http://www.mitsuichem.com/release/2001/pdf/010926e.pdf (accessed 26 September 2001).
Google Scholar
26 K.-D. Wendlandt, M. Jechorek, J. Helm, U. Stottmeister, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 191.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00164-X
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
27 S. Y. Lee, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 49 (1996) 1.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19960105)49:1<1::AID-BIT1>3.0.CO;2-P
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
28 A. Steinbüchel, H. E. Valentin, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 128 (1995) 219.
10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07528.x
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
29 S. F. Williams, O. P. Peoples, CHEMTECH 26 (1996) 38.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
30 S. Y. Lee, S. J. Park, J. P. Park, Y. Lee, S. H. Lee: Economic Aspects of Biopolymer Production, in A. Steinbüchel (ed.): Biopolymers, vol. 10, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2003, p. 307.
Google Scholar
31 J. Asrar, K. J. Gruys: Biodegradable Polymer (Biopol), in Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (eds.): Biopolymers, vol. 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, p. 53.
Google Scholar
32 S. F. Williams, D. P. Martin: Applications of PHAs in Medicine and Pharmacy, in Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (eds.): Biopolymers, vol. 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, p. 91.
Google Scholar
33 D. Jendrossek, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 317.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00190-0
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
34 M. Lemoigne, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 8 (1926) 770.
CAS Google Scholar
35 Mirel, www.mirelplastics.com/about/telles.html (accessed 23 December 2008).
Google Scholar
36 U. Witt, M. Yamamoto, U. Seeliger, R.-J. Müller, V. Warzelhan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 1438.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990517)38:10<1438::AID-ANIE1438>3.0.CO;2-U
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
37 A. Löfgren, A.-C. Albertson, Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. C35 (1995) 379.
10.1080/15321799508014594
Web of Science® Google Scholar
38 D. Mercerreyes, R. Jérôme, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 200 (1999) 2581.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3935(19991201)200:12<2581::AID-MACP2581>3.0.CO;2-P
Web of Science® Google Scholar
39 T. Fujimaki, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 209.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00220-6
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
40 R.-J. Müller, U. Witt, E. Rantze, W.-D. Deckwer, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 203.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00186-9
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
41 M. Yamamoto, U. Witt, G. Skupin, D. Beimborn, R.-J. Müller: Biodegradable Aliphatic-Aromatic Polyesters: Ecoflex®, in Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (eds.): Biopolymers, vol. 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, p. 299.
Google Scholar
42 U. Witt, R.-J. Müller, W.-D. Deckwer, J. Environ. Polym. Degr. 3 (1995) 215.
10.1007/BF02068676
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
43 U. Witt, R.-J. Müller, W.-D. Deckwer, J. Environ. Polym. Degr. 4 (1996) 9.
10.1007/BF02083878
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
44 F. B. Oppermann, S. Pickartz, A. Steinbüchel, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 337.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00175-4
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
45 K. Hashimoto, T. Hamano, M. Okada, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 54 (1994) 1579.
10.1002/app.1994.070541023
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
46 M. Schwamborn, Polym. Degr. Stabil. 59 (1998) 39.
10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00184-5
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
47 F. Kawai: Biodegradation of Polyethers (Polyethylene Glycol, Polypropylene Glycol, Polytetramethylene Glycol and Others), in S. Matsumura, A. Steinbüchel (eds.): Biopolymers, vol. 9, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, p. 267.
Google Scholar
48 K. Ogata, F. Kawai, M. Fukaya, Y. Tani, J. Ferment. Technol. 53 (1975) 757.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
49 E. L. Fincher, W. J. Payne, Appl. Microbiol. 10 (1962) 542.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
50 F. Kawai, M. Fukaya, Y. Tani, K. Ogata, J. Ferment. Technol. 55 (1977) 429.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
51 Mowiol® Polyvinyl Alcohol, Kuraray Product Brochure, http://www.kuraray-am.com/pvoh-pvb/downloads/Mowiol_brochure_en_KSE.pdf, (accessed 08 January 2009).
Google Scholar
52 S. Matsumura: Biodegradation of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and its Copolymers, in S. Matsumura, A. Steinbüchel (eds.): Biopolymers, vol. 9, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, p. 329.
Google Scholar
53 W. Wiedmann: Maschinenkonzepte für biologisch abbaubare Werkstoffe, VDI Aufbereitungstechnik, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 2004, p. 10.
Google Scholar
54 L. Jiang, M. P. Wolcott, J. Zhang: “Study on Polylactide/Poly(butylene adipate)-co-terephtalate) Blends”, Biomacromulecules 7 (2006) 199.
10.1021/bm050581q
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
55 G. Skupin: “Ecovio® - a modular system”, in Ecoflex, Ecovio, BASF Brochure, Ludwigshafen, Germany, 2008, p. 16.
Google Scholar
56 G. W. Becker, D. Braun, L. Bottenbruch (eds.): Polycarbonate, Polyacetale, Polyester, Celluloseester, Kunststoff-Handbuch, vol 3/1, Hanser Verlag, München 1992.
Google Scholar
57 H. J. Saechtling: Kunststoff Taschenbuch, Hanser Verlag, München 2007, p. 539.
Google Scholar
58 R. Ishioka, E. Kitaguni, Y. Ichikawa: Aliphatic Polyesters: Bionolle, in Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (eds), Biopolymers, vol. 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, p. 10.
Google Scholar
59 M. Yamamoto, U. Witt, G. Skupin, D. Beimborn, R. J. Müller: Biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic Polyesters: Ecoflex, in Y. Doi, A. Steinbüchel (eds): Biopolymers, vol. 4, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2002, p. 11.
Google Scholar
60 Z. Gan, K. Kuwabara, M. Yamamoto, H. Abe, Y. Doi, “Solid-state structures and thermal properties of aliphatic-aromatic poly[(butylene adipate)-co-(butylene terephthalate)]”, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 83 (2004) 289.
10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00274-X
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
61 C. Rauwendaal: Understanding Extrusion, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 75.
Google Scholar
62 C. Rauwendaal: Understanding Extrusion, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 97.
Google Scholar
63 W. Wiedmann, Maschinenkonzepte für biologisch abbaubare Werkstoffe, VDI Aufbereitungstechnik, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 2004, p. 3.
Google Scholar
64 Polyethylene film, Technical Brochure Basell, Hoofddorp 2005, p. 27.
Google Scholar
65 Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation, EN 13432:2000, Beuth Verlag, Berlin 2000.
Google Scholar
66 H. G. Lotz, R. Kukla, P. Sauer, G. Steiniger, “Latest developments in sputtering thin films for transparent barrier films”, Fraunhofer Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung, Konferenz ICE 2007, München, Germany, 2007.
Google Scholar
67 G. Skupin, “Processing of Ecoflex® and Ecovio®” in Ecoflex, Ecovio, BASF Brochure, Ludwigshafen, Germany 2008, p. 18.
Google Scholar
68 J. Nentwig: Kunststofffolien, Hanser Verlag, München 2006, p. 195.
Google Scholar
69 H. J. Saechtling: Kunststoff Taschenbuch, Hanser Verlag, München 2007, p. 256.
Google Scholar
70 C. Rauwendaal:L Polymer Extrusion, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 547.
Google Scholar
71 F. Johannaber: Kunststoff Maschinenführer, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 321.
Google Scholar
72 J. L. Thorne: Technology of Thermoforming, Hanser Verlag, München, 2004, p. 16.
Google Scholar
73 F. Johannaber: Kunststoff Maschinenführer, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 11.
Google Scholar
74 G. Pötsch, W. Michaeli: Injection Molding, Hanser Verlag, München 2007, p. 29.
Google Scholar
75 D. V. Rosato: Blow Molding Handbook, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 75.
Google Scholar
76 A Guide to Polyolefine Blow Molding, Technical Brochure Basell, Hoofdorp 2003, p. 11.
Google Scholar
77 M. Thielen: Extrusion Blow Molding, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 5.
Google Scholar
78 D. V. Rosato: Blow Molding Handbook, Hanser Verlag, München 2004, p. 129.
Google Scholar
79 D. K. Platt, Biodegradable Polymers, RAPRA Market Report, 2006, Rapra technology 2006; Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Les exploitations agricoles europeennees; cited in Club — Bioplastique, 2007.
Google Scholar
80 V. Reimer, S. Philipp, A. Künkel, Kunststoffe Int. 8 (2008) 12.
Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Polymers, Biodegradable

This is not the most recent version, view other versions

Polymers, Biodegradable

Polymers, Biodegradable

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Polymers, Biodegradable

This is not the most recent version, view other versions

Polymers, Biodegradable

Polymers, Biodegradable

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information