Concrete

1.	Introduction
2.	Materials
2.1.	Cement
2.2.	Aggregates
2.3.	Water
2.4.	Admixtures
2.4.1.	Setting and Hardening Admixtures
2.4.2.	Workability Admixtures
2.4.3.	Porosity Admixtures
2.4.4.	Other Admixtures
2.4.5.	Fine-grained Material and Polymers
3.	Production
3.1.	Definition of Concrete Properties
3.2.	Proportioning of Materials
3.3.	Production Process
4.	Fresh Concrete
4.1.	Workability
4.2.	Placement, Consolidation, and Finish
4.3.	Curing
4.4.	Special Methods
5.	Mechanical Properties
5.1.	Crack Development
5.2.	Strength
5.2.1.	Compressive Strength
5.2.2.	Tensile Strength
5.2.3.	Fracture Mechanics
5.3.	Deformation Characteristics
5.3.1.	Relationship of Stress to Strain
5.3.2.	Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio
5.3.3.	Creep
5.3.4.	Shrinkage and Swelling
6.	Physical Properties
6.1.	Density
6.2.	Porosity
6.3.	Thermal Conductivity
6.4.	Electrical Conductivity
6.5.	Permeability
6.6.	Thermal Expansion
6.7.	Shielding Properties
7.	Durability
7.1.	Chemical Attack
7.2.	Physical Attack
7.3.	Corrosion of the Reinforcement
8.	Special Concretes
8.1.	Lightweight Concrete
8.2.	Heavyweight Concrete
8.3.	Massive Concrete
8.4.	Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
8.5.	Polymer Concrete
9.	Mortar

Concrete is an artificial building material composed of granular aggregates embedded in a binder matrix of hydrated cement. Minor constituents can be added to improve the performance of concrete in the fresh or hardened state. Aside from plain concrete structures, concrete is reinforced with steel bars or prestressing steel tendons to withstand bending or tension forces. The assessment of environmental compatibility of cement in concrete or mortar considers all the phases of its life cycle. The mix design of concrete must take into account all requirements specified for the fresh and hardened concrete in a given application. Basic considerations as well as procedures are presented, test methods are described, and the properties of concrete are discussed. For the long-term performance of concrete, the interactions with the environment by physical and chemical actions are discussed. Concluding sections deal with special types of concrete.

General References

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