Combinatorial Methods in Catalysis and Materials Science
Oliver Brümmer,
Keith A. Hall,
Margarete Leclerc,
Silvia E. Lee,
Vince Murphy,
Oliver Brümmer
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKeith A. Hall
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMargarete Leclerc
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA, 95051
Search for more papers by this authorSilvia E. Lee
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA, 95051
Search for more papers by this authorVince Murphy
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA, 95051
Search for more papers by this authorOliver Brümmer,
Keith A. Hall,
Margarete Leclerc,
Silvia E. Lee,
Vince Murphy,
Oliver Brümmer
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
Search for more papers by this authorKeith A. Hall
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMargarete Leclerc
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA, 95051
Search for more papers by this authorSilvia E. Lee
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA, 95051
Search for more papers by this authorVince Murphy
Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA, 95051
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Introduction |
2. |
Enzyme Mimetics and Metal Complexes as Enzyme Mimetics |
2.1. |
Combinatorial Libraries of Catalysts as Enzyme Mimetics |
2.2. |
Combinatorial Synthesis Enzyme Mimetics |
2.2.1. |
Hydrolytically Active Metal Complexes |
2.2.2. |
Evolutionary Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oxygenase Mimics |
2.2.3. |
Libraries of Organic Acylation Catalysts |
3. |
Combinatorial Catalysis in Asymmetric Synthesis |
3.1. |
Combinatorial Catalyst Libraries in Enantioselective Additions of Dialkylzinc Reagents |
3.2. |
Ligands for the Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Aza Diels - Alder Reaction |
3.3. |
Divergent Ligand Synthesis for Enantioselective Alkylations |
3.4. |
Chiral Phosphine Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation |
3.5. |
Asymmetric Reactions Catalyzed by Schiff Base-Type Ligands: the Positional Scanning Approach |
3.6. |
Identification of Novel Catalysts for Asymmetric Epoxidations by the Positional Scanning Approach |
4. |
Multidimensional Combinatorial Screening for the Identification of Novel Catalysts |
4.1. |
Catalyst Discovery and Optimization Using Catalyst Arrays |
4.2. |
Parallel Array Screening for Catalyst Optimization Using Discovery and Focused Ligand Libraries |
5. |
One-Pot, Multi-Substrate Screening |
6. |
Combinatorial Approaches to Olefin Polymerization Catalysts |
7. |
Combinatorial Inorganic Catalysis |
7.1. |
Combinatorial Libraries of Homogeneous Polyoxometalate-Based Catalysts |
7.2. |
Combinatorial Libraries and High-Throughput Screening of Heterogenous Polyoxometalate Catalysts |
8. |
Combinatorial Heterogeneous Catalysis |
8.1. |
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane |
8.2. |
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane |
8.3. |
Catalytic Oxidation of CO and Reduction of NO |
9. |
Combinatorial Electrocatalysis |
9.1. |
Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells |
9.2. |
Combinatorial Electrosynthesis |
10. |
High-throughput Screening Tools for Catalysis |
11. |
Combinatorial Solid-State Materials Science |
11.1. |
Materials Library Synthesis |
11.1.1. |
Vapor Deposition Techniques |
11.1.2. |
Alternative Library Synthesis Techniques |
11.2. |
High-Throughput Screening for Materials |
11.2.1. |
Optical Screening |
11.2.2. |
X-Ray Characterization |
11.3. |
Applications of Materials |
11.3.1. |
Superconductivity |
11.3.2. |
Ferromagnetic Semiconductors |
11.3.3. |
Magnetoresistant Materials |
11.3.4. |
Dielectric and Ferroelectric Materials |
11.3.5. |
Luminescent Materials |
12. |
Organic Materials and Polymers |
12.1. |
Schiff Bases for Nonlinear Optical (NLO) Materials |
12.2. |
Artificial Receptors for Small Organic Molecules |
12.3. |
New Materials for the Separation of Enantiomers |
12.4. |
Molecular Imprinting |
12.5. |
Polymer Topologies and Functionalization |
13. |
Summary and Outlook |
Specific References
- 1 G. Jung (ed.): Combinatorial Chemistry - Synthesis, Analysis, Screening, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1999.
- 2 E. M. Gordon, J. F. Kerwin (eds.): Combinatorial Chemistry and Molecular Diversity in Drug Discovery, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998.
- 3 N. K. Terret: Combinatorial Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
- 4 S. R. Wilson, A. W. Czarnik (eds.): Combinatorial Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.
- 5 B. A. Bunin (ed.): The Combinatorial Index, Academic Press, San Diego 1998.
- 6 I. M. Chaiken, K. D. Janda (eds.): Molecular Diversity and Combinatorial Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Washington 1996.
- 7 R. Dagani, Chem. & Eng. News 7710 (1999) 51 – 60.
- 8 M. A. Gallop, R. W. Barrett, W. J. Dower, S. P. A. Fodor, E. M. Gordon, J. Med. Chem. 37 (1994) 1233 – 1251.
- 9 For Chemoinformatics see: M. Hann, R. Green, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3 (1999) 379 – 383.
- 10 X.-D. Xiang, X.-D. Sun, G. Briceno, Y. Lou, K. A. Wang, H. Chang, W. G. Wallace-Freedman, S.-W. Chen, P. G. Schultz, Science 268 (1995) 1738 – 1740.
- 11 J. J. Hanack, J. Mater. Sci. 5 (1970) 964 – 971.
- 12 F. Zaragoza Dörwald (ed.): Organic Synthesis on Solid Phase, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany 2000.
- 13 S. Booth, P. H. H. Hermkens, H. C. J. Ottenheijm, D. Rees, Tetrahedron 54 (1998) 15385 – 15443.
- 14 R. Hanko, K. C. Nicolaou (eds.): Combinatorial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2002, in press.
- 15 For accounts and special techniques used in combinatorial chemistry, see for example: A. W. Czarnik, J. A. Ellman (eds.): Special Issue on Combinatorial Chemistry, Acc. Chem. Res. 29 (1996) 111 – 170.
- 16 M. J. Cannarsa, T. Uno, C. Larsen, Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev. 3 (2000) 743 – 749.
- 17
S. Senkan,
Angew. Chem.
113
(2001)
322 – 341;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010119)113:2<322::AID-ANGE322>3.0.CO;2-2 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 312 – 329.10.1002/1521-3773(20010119)40:2<312::AID-ANIE312>3.0.CO;2-I CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 18
M. T. Reetz,
Angew. Chem.
113
(2001)
292 – 320;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010119)113:2<292::AID-ANGE292>3.0.CO;2-F Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 285 – 310.
- 19 F. Gennari, P. Seneci, S. Miertus, Catal. Rev.-Sci. 42 (2000) 385 – 402.
- 20
B. Jandeleit,
D. J. Schaefer,
T. S. Powers,
H. W. Turner,
W. H. Weinberg,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
2648 – 2689;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990903)111:17<2648::AID-ANGE2648>3.0.CO;2-N Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2495 – 2532.
- 21 D. R. Liu, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 111 (1999) 36 – 56; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 36 – 54.
- 22 For a comprehensive overview see: B. Cornils, W. A. Herrmann: Applied Homogeneous Catalysis with Organometallic Compounds, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2000.
- 23 D. Maclean, J. J. Baldwin, V. T. Ivanov, Y. Kato, A. Shaw, P. Schneider, E. M. Gordon, J. Comb. Chem. 2 (2000) 562 – 578.
- 24
For a review on enzyme mimics see:
A. J. Kirby,
Angew. Chem.
108
(1996)
770 – 790;
10.1002/ange.19961080705 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35 (1996) 705 – 724.10.1002/anie.199607061 Google Scholar
- 25 F. M. Menger, Z. X. Fei, Angew. Chem. 106 (1994) 329 – 331; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33 (1994) 346 – 348.
- 26 F. M. Menger, A. V. Eliseev, V. A. Migulin, J. Org. Chem. 60 (1995) 6666 – 6667.
- 27 P. D. Miller, W. T. Ford, Chem. Commun. 1998, 1151 – 1152.
- 28 F. M. Menger, C. A. West, J. Ding, Chem. Commun. 1997, 633 – 634.
- 29 F. M. Menger, J. Ding, V. Barragan, J. Org. Chem. 63 (1998) 7578 – 7579.
- 30 T. Berg, A. M. Vandersteen, K. D. Janda, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8 (1998) 1221 – 1224.
- 31 T. Berg, A. Simeonov, K. D. Janda, J. Comb. Chem. 1 (1999) 96 – 100.
- 32
A. Berkessel,
D. A. Hérault,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
99 – 102;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990115)111:1/2<99::AID-ANGE99>3.0.CO;2-Q Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 102 – 105.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990115)38:1/2<102::AID-ANIE102>3.0.CO;2-H CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 33 M. Havranek, A. Singh, D. Sames, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 8965 – 8966.
- 34 S. J. Taylor, J. P. Morken, Science 280 (1998) 267 – 270.
- 35
I. Ojima (ed.):
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis,
VCH,
Weinheim, Germany,
2000.
10.1002/0471721506 Google Scholar
- 36 For a review see: K. Soai, S. Niwa, Chem. Rev. 92 (1992) 833 – 856.
- 37 G. Liu, J. A. Ellman, J. Org. Chem. 60 (1995) 7712 – 7713.
- 38 For reviews on polymer-supported reagents see: O. Brümmer, B. Clapham, K. D. Janda, Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. 3 (2000) 462 – 473.
- 39 For a review on polymer-assisted purification techniques see: J. J. Parlow, R. V. Devraj, M. S. South, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3 (1999) 320 – 336.
- 40 For a review on polymeric scavenger reagents see: J. Eames, M. Watkinson, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 1213 – 1224.
- 41
I. Chataigner,
C. Gennari,
U. Piarulli,
S. Ceccarelli,
Angew. Chem.
112
(2000)
953 – 956;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(20000303)112:5<953::AID-ANGE953>3.0.CO;2-5 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 916 – 918.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000303)39:5<916::AID-ANIE916>3.0.CO;2-M CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 42 A. J. Brouwer, H. J. van der Linden, R. M. J. Liskamp, J. Org. Chem. 65 (2000) 1750 – 1757.
- 43
For a reviews on hetero Diels-Alder methodology see:
K. A. Jorgensen,
Angew. Chem.
112
(2000)
3702 – 3733;
10.1002/1521-3757(20001016)112:20<3702::AID-ANGE3702>3.0.CO;2-R Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 3558 – 3588.10.1002/1521-3773(20001016)39:20<3558::AID-ANIE3558>3.0.CO;2-I CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 44 S. Kobayashi, K. Kusakabe, H. Ishitani, Org. Lett. 2 (2000) 1225 – 1227.
- 45 A. M. Porte, J. Reibenspiess, K. Burgess, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 9810 – 9187.
- 46 For a review on transition metal catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation see: B. M. Trost, D. L. V. Vranken, Chem. Rev. 96 (1996) 395 – 422.
- 47 S. R. Gilbertson, C.-W. T. Chang, J. Org. Chem. 63 (1998) 8424 – 8431.
- 48 S. R. Gilbertson, S. E. Collibee, A. Agarkov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 6522 – 6523.
- 49 J. Matsuo, K. Odashima, S. Kobayashi, Org. Lett. 1 (1999) 345 – 347.
- 50 L. S. Hegedus: Transition Metals in the Synthesis of Complex Organic Molecules, University Science Books, Mill Valley, 1999.
- 51 D. G. Blackmond, CatTech 2 (1998) 17 – 31.
- 52 S. R. Gilbertson, X. Wang, Tetrahedron 55 (1999) 11609 – 11618.
- 53
B. M. Cole,
K. D. Shimizu,
C. A. Krueger,
J. P. A. Harrity,
M. L. Snapper,
A. H. Hoveyda,
Angew. Chem.
108
(1996)
1776 – 1779;
10.1002/ange.19961081509 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35 (1996) 1668 – 1671.
- 54 M. S. Sigman, E. N. Jacobsen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (1998) 4901 – 4902.
- 55 K. D. Shimizu, B. M. Cole, C. A. Krueger, K. W. Kuntz, M. L. Snapper, A. H. Hoveyda, Angew. Chem. 109 (1997) 1782 – 1785; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36 (1997) 1704 – 1707.
- 56 C. A. Krueger, K. W. Kuntz, C. D. Dzierba, W. G. Wirschun, J. D. Gleason, M. L. Snapper, A. H. Hoveyda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 4284 – 4285.
- 57 J. R. Porter, W. G. Wirschun, K. W. Kuntz, M. L. Snapper, A. H. Hoveyda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 2657 – 2658.
- 58 S. J. Degrado, H. Mizutani, A. H. Hoveyda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 755 – 756.
- 59 J. R. Porter, J. F. Traverse, A. H. Hoveyda, M. L. Snapper, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 984 – 985.
- 60
C. A. Luchaco-Cullis,
H. Mizutani,
K. E. Murphy,
A. H. Hoveyda,
Angew. Chem.
113
(2001)
1504 – 1508;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010417)113:8<1504::AID-ANGE1504>3.0.CO;2-V Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 1456 – 1460.10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1456::AID-ANIE1456>3.0.CO;2-T CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 61
M. B. Francis,
E. N. Jacobsen,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
987 – 991;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990401)111:7<987::AID-ANGE987>3.0.CO;2-9 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 937 – 941.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990401)38:7<937::AID-ANIE937>3.0.CO;2-O CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 62 Y. Hoshino, H. Yamamoto, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 10452 – 10453.
- 63
K. Burgess,
H.-J. Lim,
A. M. Porte,
G. A. Sulikowski,
Angew. Chem.
108
(1996)
192 – 194;
10.1002/ange.19961080212 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 35 (1996) 220 – 222.
- 64 M. T. Powell, A. M. Porte, K. Burgess, Chem. Commun. 1998, 2161 – 2162.
- 65 S. J. Taylor, J. P. Morken, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 12202 – 12203.
- 66 M. Kawatsura, J. F. Hartwig, Organometallics 20 (2001) 1960 – 1964.
- 67 S. Bromidge, P. C. Wilson, A. Whiting, Tetrahedron Lett. 39 (1998) 8905 – 8908.
- 68 C. Moreau, C. G. Frost, B. Murrer, Tetrahedron Lett. 40 (1999) 5617 – 5620.
- 69
J. Christoffers,
A. Mann,
Angew. Chem.
112
(2000)
2871 – 2874;
10.1002/1521-3757(20000804)112:15<2871::AID-ANGE2871>3.0.CO;2-Y Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 2752 – 2754.10.1002/1521-3773(20000804)39:15<2752::AID-ANIE2752>3.0.CO;2-5 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 70 M. A. Huffmann, P. J. Reider, Tetrahedron Lett. 40 (1999) 831 – 834.
- 71 R. T. Buck, D. M. Coe, M. J. Drysdale, C. J. Moody, N. D. Pearson, Tetrahedron Lett. 39 (1998) 7181 – 7184.
- 72 Available Chemical Directory ACD: MDL, Information Systems, Inc., San Leandro, 14600 Catalina Street, CA 94577, USA, www.mdli.com.
- 73 P. J. Fagan, E. Hauptman, R. Shapiro, A. Casalnuovo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 5043 – 5051.
- 74
A. Marshall (ed.):
Fourier, Hadamard and Hilbert transforms in chemistry,
Plenum Press Corp.,
New York
1982.
10.1007/978-1-4899-0336-5 Google Scholar
- 75 X. Gao, H. B. Kagan, Chirality 10 (1998) 120 – 124.
- 76 C. Brändli, T. R. Ward, Helv. Chim. Acta 81 (1998) 1616 – 1621.
- 77 C. Gennari, S. Ceccarelli, U. Piarulli, C. A. G. N. Montalbetti, R. F. W. Jackson, J. Org. Chem. 63 (1998) 5312 – 5313.
- 78
T. Vries,
H. Wynberg,
E. van Echten,
J. Koek,
W. ten Hoeve,
R. M. Kellogg,
Q. B. Broxterman,
A. Minaard,
B. Kaptein,
S. van der Sluis,
L. Hulshof,
J. Kooistra,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
2491 – 2496;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980904)110:17<2491::AID-ANGE2491>3.0.CO;2-X Google ScholarAngew. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 2349 – 2353.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980918)37:17<2349::AID-ANIE2349>3.0.CO;2-I CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 79 N. Kashiwa, J. Imuta, Cat. Surv. Jpn. 1 (1997) 125 – 142.
- 80 B. L. Small, M. Brookhart, A. M. Bennett, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 4049 – 4050.
- 81 For a related class of olefin polymerization catalysts see: G. J. P. Britovsek, V. C. Gibson, B. S. Kimberley, P. J. Maddox, S. J. McTavish, G. A. Solan, A. J. P. White, D. J. Williams, Chem. Commun. 1998, 849 – 850.
- 82 For a review on metallocene catalysis see: M. Hackmann, B. Rieger, CatTech 1 (1997) 79 – 92.
- 83
G. J. P. Britovsek,
V. C. Gibson,
D. F. Wass,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
448 – 468;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990215)111:4<448::AID-ANGE448>3.0.CO;2-2 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 428 – 447.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990215)38:4<428::AID-ANIE428>3.0.CO;2-3 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 84 S. D. Ittel, L. K. Johnson, M. Brookhart, Chem. Rev. 100 (2000) 1169 – 1203.
- 85 M. C. Baird, Chem. Rev. 100 (2000) 1471 – 1478.
- 86 L. S. Boffa, B. M. Novak, Chem. Rev. 100 (2000) 1479 – 1493.
- 87
T. R. Boussie,
C. Coutard,
H. W. Turner,
V. Murphy,
T. S. Powers,
Angew. Chem.
100
(1998)
3472 – 3475;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19981204)110:23<3472::AID-ANGE3472>3.0.CO;2-D Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 3272 – 3275.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981217)37:23<3272::AID-ANIE3272>3.0.CO;2-R CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 88 T. R. Boussie, V. Murphy, K. A. Hall, C. Coutard, C. Dales, M. Petro, E. Carlson, H. W. Turner, T. S. Powers, Tetrahedron 55 (1999) 11699 – 11710.
- 89 Symyx Technologies, US 6 306 658, 2000 (H. W. Turner, C. G. Dales, L. Van Erden, J. A. M. van Beek, D. A. Hadjuk, R. B. Nielson, P. Mansky, L. Matseiv).
- 90 Symyx Technologies, US 6 175 409, 1999 (R. B. Nielson, S. C. Kuebler, J. Bennett, A. Safir, M. Petro).
- 91 Symyx Technologies, US 6 030 917, 2000 and US 6 248 540, 2001 (W. H. Weinberg, E. W. McFarland, I. Goldwasser, T. Boussie, H. W. Turner, J. A. M. van Beek, V. Murphy, T. S. Powers).
- 92
M. Stork,
A. Herrmann,
T. Nemnich,
M. Klapper,
K. Müllen,
Angew. Chem.
112
(2000)
4544 – 4547;
10.1002/1521-3757(20001201)112:23<4544::AID-ANGE4544>3.0.CO;2-O Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 4367 – 4369.
- 93
J. Tian,
G. W. Coates,
Angew. Chem.
112
(2000)
3772 – 3773;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
39
(2000)
3626 – 3629.
10.1002/1521-3773(20001016)39:20<3626::AID-ANIE3626>3.0.CO;2-U CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 94
C. Hinderling,
P. Chen,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
2393 – 2396;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990802)111:15<2393::AID-ANGE2393>3.0.CO;2-W Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2253 – 2256.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990802)38:15<2253::AID-ANIE2253>3.0.CO;2-T CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 95 For an overview on the chemistry of polyoxometalates see: C. L. Hill (ed.), Chem. Rev. 98 (1998) 1 – 390.
- 96 C. L. Hill, R. D. Gall, J. Mol. Cat. A: Chem. 114 (1996) 103 – 111.
- 97 E. Boring, Y. V. Geletti, C. L. Hill, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 1625 – 1635.
- 98 P. Desrosiers, A. Guram, A. Hagemeyer, B. Jandeleit, D. M. Poojary, H. Turner, H. Weinberg, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 397 – 402.
- 99
For a comprehensive overview on heterogeneous catalysis see:
G. Ertl,
H. Knözinger,
J. Weitkamp (eds.):
Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis,
vol. 1 – 5,
VCH,
Weinheim, Germany
1997.
10.1002/9783527619474 Google Scholar
- 100 US 5 985 356, 1999 (P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, I. Goldwasser).
- 101 A. Holzwarth, P. Denton, H. Zanthoff, C. Mirodatos, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 309 – 318.
- 102
R. Schlögl,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
2467 – 2470;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980904)110:17<2467::AID-ANGE2467>3.0.CO;2-3 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 2333 – 2336.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980918)37:17<2333::AID-ANIE2333>3.0.CO;2-J CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 103 G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, J. Weitkamp (eds.): Preparation of solid catalysts, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1999.
- 104 J. M. Newsam, F. Schüth, Combinatorial Chemistry Biotechnol. Bioeng. 61 (1999) 203 – 216.
- 105 US 5 449 754, 1994 (G. M. Nashioka).
- 106 W. H. Weinberg, B. Jandeleit, K. Self, H. W. Turner, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 3 (1998) 104 – 110.
- 107 B. E. Baker, N. J. Kline, P. J. Treado, M. J. Natan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (1996) 8721 – 8722.
- 108 E. Reddington, A. Sapienza, B. Gurau, R. Viswanathan, S. Sarangapani, E. S. Smotkin, T. E. Mallouk, Science 280 (1998) 1735 – 1737.
- 109 Symyx Technologies, WO 96/11878, 1996 (P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, I. Goldwasser).
- 110 E. Danielson, J. H. Golden, E. W. McFarland, C. M. Reaves, W. H. Weinberg, X. D. Wu, Nature 389 (1997) 944 – 948.
- 111 E. Danielson, M. Devenney, D. M. Giaquinta, J. H. Golden, R. C. Haushalter, E. W. McFarland, D. M. Poojary, C. M. Reaves, W. H. Weinberg, X. D. Wu, Science 279 (1998) 837 – 839.
- 112
S. M. Senkan,
S. Öztürk,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
867 – 871;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990315)111:6<867::AID-ANGE867>3.0.CO;2-G Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 791 – 795.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990315)38:6<791::AID-ANIE791>3.0.CO;2-N CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 113
C. Hoffmann,
A. Wolf,
F. Schüth,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
2971 – 2975;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990917)111:18<2971::AID-ANGE2971>3.0.CO;2-R Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2800 – 2803.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990917)38:18<2800::AID-ANIE2800>3.0.CO;2-9 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 114 K. E. Simons, 5th Heterogeneous Catalysis and Fine Chemicals, Lyon, 1999.
- 115 F. C. Moates, M. Somani, M. Annamalai, J. T. Richardson, D. Luss, R. C. Willson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 34 (1996) 4801 – 4803.
- 116
A. Holzwarth,
P. W. Schmidt,
W. E. Maier,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
2788 – 2792;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19981002)110:19<2788::AID-ANGE2788>3.0.CO;2-5 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 2644 – 2647.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981016)37:19<2644::AID-ANIE2644>3.0.CO;2-# CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 117
D. E. Akporiaye,
I. M. Dahl,
A. Karlsson,
R. Wendelbo,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
629 – 631;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980302)110:5<629::AID-ANGE629>3.0.CO;2-4 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 609 – 611.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980316)37:5<609::AID-ANIE609>3.0.CO;2-X CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 118
J. Klein,
C. W. Lehmann,
H. W. Schmidt,
W. F. Maier,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
3557 – 3561;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19981217)110:24<3557::AID-ANGE3557>3.0.CO;2-7 Web of Science® Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 3369 – 3372.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981231)37:24<3369::AID-ANIE3369>3.0.CO;2-H CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 119
P. Cong,
R. D. Doolen,
Q. Fan,
D. M. Giaquinta,
S. Guan,
E. W. McFarland,
D. M. Poojary,
K. Self,
H. W. Turner,
W. H. Weinberg,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
507 – 512;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
38
(1999)
484 – 488.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990215)38:4<483::AID-ANIE483>3.0.CO;2-# CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 120
M. Orschel,
J. Klein,
H. W. Schmidt,
W. F. Maier,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
2961 – 2965;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990917)111:18<2961::AID-ANGE2961>3.0.CO;2-T Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2791 – 2803.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990917)38:18<2791::AID-ANIE2791>3.0.CO;2-S CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 121 O. Buyevskaya, D. Wolf, M. Baerns, Catal. Today 62 (2000) 91 – 99.
- 122 U. Rodemerck, P. Ignaszewski, M. Lucas, P. Claus, M. Baerns, Chem. Ing. Tech. 71 (1999) 872.
- 123 P. Cong, A. Dehestani, R. Doolen, D. M. Giaquinta, S. Guan, V. Markov, D. Poojary, K. Self, H. W. Turner, W. H. Weinberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 11077.
- 124 Y. Liu, P. Cong, R. D. Doolen, H. W. Turner, W. H. Weinberg, Catal. Today 61 (2000) 87 – 92.
- 125
S. Senkan,
K. Krantz,
S. Öztürk,
V. Zengin,
I. Onal,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
2965 – 2971;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990917)111:18<2965::AID-ANGE2965>3.0.CO;2-5 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2794 – 2799.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990917)38:18<2794::AID-ANIE2794>3.0.CO;2-A CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 126 U. Rodemerck, D. Wolf, O. V. Buyevskaya, P. Claus, S. Senkan, M. Baerns, Chem. Eng. J. 82 (2001) 3.
- 127 K. Krantz, S. Öztürk, S. Senkan, Catal. Today 62 (2000) 281 – 289.
- 128 H. Su, Y. Hou, R. S. Houk, G. L. Schrader, E. S. Yeung, Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 4434 – 4440.
- 129 P. Claus, D. Hönicke, T. Zech, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 319 – 339.
- 130 G. Chen, D. A. Delafuente, S. Sarangapani, T. E. Mallouk, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 341 – 355.
- 131 O. V. Buyevskaya, A. Brückner, E. V. Kondratenko, D. Wolf, M. Baerns, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 369 – 378.
- 132
P. P. Pescarmona,
J. C. van der Waal,
I. E. Maxwell,
T. Maschmeyer,
Angew. Chem.
113
(2001)
762 – 765;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010216)113:4<762::AID-ANGE7620>3.0.CO;2-8 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 740 – 743.10.1002/1521-3773(20010216)40:4<740::AID-ANIE7400>3.0.CO;2-C CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 133
C. Lettmann,
H. Hinrichs,
W. F. Maier,
Angew. Chem.
113
((2001)
3258 – 3262;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010903)113:17<3258::AID-ANGE3258>3.0.CO;2-M Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 3160 – 3164.10.1002/1521-3773(20010903)40:17<3160::AID-ANIE3160>3.0.CO;2-Z CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 134 E. M. Thorsteinson, T. P. Wilson, F. G. Young, P. H. Kasai, J. Catal. 52 (1978) 116.
- 135 US 4 250 346, 1981 (F. G. Young, E. M. Thorsteinson).
- 136 Y. Liu, P. Cong, R. Doolen, S. Guan, D. M. Poojary, H. W. Turner, W. H. Weinberg, 4th European Congress on Catalysis, Rimini, Italy, 1999, p. 117.
- 137 Y. Liu, P. Cong, R. Doolen, S. Guan, D. M. Poojary, H. W. Turner, W. H. Weinberg, 4th European Congress on Catalysis, Rimini, Italy, 1999, p. 41.
- 138 S. Senkan, Nature 394 (1998) 350 – 352.
- 139 D. Wolf, O. V. Buyevskaya, M. Baerns, Appl. Catal. A 200 (2000) 63 – 77.
- 140 B. Gurau, R. Viswanathan, R. Liu, T. J. Lafrenz, K. L. Ley, E. S. Smotkin, E. Reddington, A. Sapienza, B. C. Chan, T. E. Mallouk, S. Sarangapani, J. Phys. Chem. B 102 (1998) 9997 – 10003.
- 141 L. Liu, R. Viswanathan, R. Liu, E. S. Smotkin, Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 1 (1998) 123 – 125.
- 142 E. Reddington, J.-S. Yu, B. C. Chan, A. Sapienza, G. Chen, T. E. Mallouk, B. Gurau, R. Viswanathan, R. Liu, E. S. Smotkin, S. Sarangapani, Comb. Chem. 2000, 401 – 420.
- 143 P. Strasser, S. Gorer, M. Devenney, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fuel Cells for Vehicles, 41st Battery Symposium, The Electrochemical Society of Japan, Nagoya 2000, p. 153.
- 144 M. G. Sullivan, H. Utomo, P. J. Fagan, M. D. Ward, Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 4369 – 4375.
- 145 T. Siu, W. Li, A. K. Yudin, J. Comb. Chem. 2 (2000) 545 – 549.
- 146 T. Siu, S. Yekta, A. K. Yudin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 11787 – 11790.
- 147 A. K. Yudin, T. Siu, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 5 (2001) 267 – 272.
- 148 K. Jambunathan, B. C. Shah, J. L. Hudson, A. C. Hillier, J. Electroanal. Chem. 500 (2001) 279 – 289.
- 149 B. C. Shah, A. C. Hillier, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 (2000) 3043 – 3048.
- 150 M. T. Reetz, K. M. Kühling, S. Wilensek, H. Husmann, U. W. Hausig, M. Hermes, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 389 – 396.
- 151 L. Ma, X. Gong, E. S. Yeung, Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 3383 – 3387.
- 152 Y. Zhang, X. Gong, H. Zhang, R. Larock, E. S. Yeung, J. Comb. Chem. 2 (2000) 450 – 452.
- 153 M. T. Reetz, K. M. Kühling, A. Deege, H. Hinrichs, D. Belder, Angew. Chem. 112 (2000) 4049 – 4052; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 3891 – 3893.
- 154 S. A. Holmes, J. A. Saeedi, V. V. Buliants, P. Boolchand, D. Georgiev, U. Hacker, E. Sabkow, Catal Today 67 (2001) 403 – 409.
- 155 E. D. Isaacs, M. Marcus, G. Aeppli, X.-D. Xiang, X.-D. Sun, P. G. Schultz, M. Kao, G. S. Cargill III, R. Haushalter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 1820 – 1822.
- 156 C. E. Kibbey in A. W. Czarnick, S. H. DeWitt (eds.): A Practical Guide to Combinatorial Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C. 1997, pp. 123 – 151.
- 157 K. Omote, T. Kikuchi, J. Harada, M. Kawasaki, A. Ohtomo, M. Ohtani, T. Ohnishi, D. Komiyama, H. Koinuma, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 84 – 91.
- 158
T. Bein,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
335 – 338;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
38
(1999)
323 – 326.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990201)38:3<323::AID-ANIE323>3.0.CO;2-4 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 159 R. H. Crabtree, Chem. Commun. 1999, 1611 – 1616.
- 160 P. C. Pawlicki, R. A. Schmitz, Chem. Eng. Prog. 2 (1987) 40 – 45.
- 161 G. Georgiades, V. A. Self, P. A. Sermon, Angew. Chem. 99 (1987) 1050 – 1052; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 26 (1987) 1042 – 1044.
- 162
M. T. Reetz,
M. H. Becker,
M. Liebl,
A. Fürstner,
Angew. Chem.
112
(2000)
1294 – 1301;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(20000403)112:7<1294::AID-ANGE1294>3.0.CO;2-4 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 1236 – 1239.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000403)39:7<1236::AID-ANIE1236>3.0.CO;2-J CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 163 D. E. Bergbreiter, Chemtracts: Org. Chem. 10 (1997) 683 – 686.
- 164 S. Klein, S. Thorimbert, W. F. Meier, J. Catal. 163 (1996) 476 – 488.
- 165 S. Bukeikhanova, H. Orzsek, U. Kolb, K. Kühlein, W. F. Meier, Catal. Lett. 50 (1998) 93 – 105.
- 166 S. Storck, W. F. Meier, I. M. Miranda Salvado, J. M. F. Ferreira, D. Guhl, W. Souverijns, J. A. Martens, J. Catal. 172 (1997) 414 – 426.
- 167
W. J. Haap,
T. B. Walk,
G. Jung,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
3506 – 3509;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19981204)110:23<3506::AID-ANGE3506>3.0.CO;2-Y Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 3311 – 3314.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981217)37:23<3311::AID-ANIE3311>3.0.CO;2-2 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 168
C. M. Snively,
G. Oskarsdottir,
J. Lauterbach,
Angew. Chem.
113
(2001)
3117 – 3120;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010817)113:16<3117::AID-ANGE3117>3.0.CO;2-X Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 3028 – 3030.10.1002/1521-3773(20010817)40:16<3028::AID-ANIE3028>3.0.CO;2-X CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 169 C. M. Snively, S. Katzenberger, G. Oskarsdottir, J. Lauterbach, Optics Letters 24 (1999) 1841 – 1843.
- 170 C. M. Snively, G. Oskarsdottir, J. Lauterbach, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 357 – 368.
- 171 A. C. Cooper, L. H. McAlexander, D.-H. Lee, M. T. Torres, R. H. Crabtree, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 9971 – 9972.
- 172 R. H. Crabtree, J. A. Loch, K. Gruet, D.-H. Lee, C. Borgmann, J. Organomet. Chem. 600 (2000) 7 – 11.
- 173 K. H. Shaughnessy, P. Kim, J. F. Hartwig, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 2123 – 2132.
- 174 J. P. Stambuli, S. R. Stauffer, K. H. Shaughnessy, J. F. Hartwig, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 2677 – 2678.
- 175 G. T. Copeland, S. J. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 4306 – 4307.
- 176 A. H. Hoveyda, Chemistry and Biology 6 (1999) R305 – R308.
- 177 R. F. Harris, A. J. Nation, G. T. Copeland, S. J. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 11270 – 11271.
- 178
O. Lavastre,
J. P. Morken,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
3357 – 3359;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19991102)111:21<3357::AID-ANGE3357>3.0.CO;2-Z Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 3163 – 3165.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991102)38:21<3163::AID-ANIE3163>3.0.CO;2-# CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 179 A. Berkessel, R. Riedl, J. Comb. Chem. 2 (2000) 215 – 219.
- 180
K. Ding,
A. Ishii,
K. Mikami,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
519 – 522;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
38
(1999)
497 – 501.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990215)38:4<497::AID-ANIE497>3.0.CO;2-G CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 181
K. Mikami,
R. Angelaud,
K. Ding,
A. Ishii,
A. Tanaka,
N. Sawada,
K. Kudo,
M. Senda,
Chem. Eur. J.
7
(2001)
730 – 737.
10.1002/1521-3765(20010202)7:3<730::AID-CHEM730>3.0.CO;2-1 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 182 R. F. Service, Science 277 (1997) 474 – 475.
- 183 Symyx Technologies, WO 98/15969, 1997 (W. H. Weinberg, E. W. McFarland, P. Cong, S. Guan).
- 184
J. Gao,
J. Wu,
G. Siuzdak,
M. G. Finn,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
1868 – 1871;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990614)111:12<1868::AID-ANGE1868>3.0.CO;2-J Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 1755 – 1757.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1755::AID-ANIE1755>3.0.CO;2-Q CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 185
M. T. Reetz,
M. H. Becker,
H.-W. Klein,
D. Stöckigt,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
1872 – 1875;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990614)111:12<1872::AID-ANGE1872>3.0.CO;2-G Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 1758 – 1761.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1758::AID-ANIE1758>3.0.CO;2-8 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 186 Y. Matsumoto, M. Murakami, Z. Jin, A. Nakayama, T. Yamaguchi, T. Ohmori, E. Suzuki, S. Nomura, M. Kawasaki, H. Koinuma, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 19 – 27.
- 187 A. R. Connolly, J. D. Sutherland, Angew. Chem. 112 (2000) 4438 – 4441; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 4268 – 4271.
- 188 Y. Yamada, A. Ueda, Z. Zhao, T. Maekawa, K. Suzuki, T. Takada, T. Kobayashi, Catal. Today 67 (2001) 379 – 387.
- 189 X.-D. Xiang, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 56 (1998) 246 – 250.
- 190 X.-D. Xiang, P. G. Schultz, Physika C 1997, 282 – 287, 428 – 430.
- 191 H. Koinuma, Solid State Ionics 108 (1998) 1 – 7.
- 192 X.-D. Sun, K.-A. Wang, Y. Yoo, W. G. Wallace-Freedman, C. Gao, X.-D. Xiang, P. G. Schultz, Adv. Mater. 9 (1997) 1046 – 1049.
- 193 B. E. Baker, N. J. Kline, P. J. Treado, M. J. Natan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (1998) 8721 – 8722.
- 194 T. Vossmeyer, S. Jia, E. DeIonno, M. R. Diehl, S.-H. Kin, X. Peng, A. P. Alivisatos, J. R. Heath, J. Appl. Phys. 84 (1998) 3664 – 3670.
- 195 T. X. Sun, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 61 (1999) 193 – 201.
- 196 R. B. van Dover, L. F. Schneemeyer, R. M. Fleming, H. A. Huggins, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 61 (1999) 217 – 225.
- 197 C. Schmitz, P. Poesch, M. Thelakkat, H.-W. Schmidt, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3797 (1999) 423 – 431.
- 198 H.-W. Schmidt, C. Schmitz, P. Poesch, M. Thelakkat, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3797 (1999) 58 – 65.
- 199 C. Schmitz, M. Thelakkat, H.-W. Schmidt, Adv. Mater. 11 (1999) 821 – 826.
- 200 C. Schmitz, P. Posch, M. Thelakkat, H.-W. Schmidt, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1 (1999) 1777 – 1781.
- 201 C. Schmitz, P. Posch, M. Thelakkat, H.-W. Schmidt, Macromol. Symp. 154 (2000) 209 – 221.
- 202 E. W. McFarland, W. H. Weinberg, Trends Biotechnol. 17 (1999) 107 – 115.
- 203 E. W. McFarland, W. H. Weinberg, Mater. Technol. 3 (1998) 153 – 158.
- 204 S. Pessaud, F. Gervais, C. Champeaux, P. Marchet, A. Catherinot, M. Licheron, J. L. Longuet, F. Ravel, Mat. Sci. Eng. B B60 (1999) 205 – 211.
- 205 J. Letteri, Y. Jia, S. J. Fulk, D. G. Schlom, M. E. Hawley, G. W. Brown, Thin Solid Films 379 (2000) 64 – 71.
- 206 C.-M. Chen, H. C. Pan, D. Z. Zhu, J. Hu, M. Q. Li, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 150 (1999) 81 – 88.
- 207 X. Q. Liu, Z. F. Li, W. Lu, S. C. Chen, C. M. Chen, D. Z. Zhu, J. Hu, M. Q. Li, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 2611 – 2613.
- 208 C. Chen, H. Pan, D. Zhu, J. Hu, M. Li, Gaojishu Tongxun 9 (1999) 41 – 44.
- 209 C. Chen, H. Pan, D. Zhu, J. Hu, M. Li, Mater. Sci. Eng. B B72 (2000) 113 – 116.
- 210 H. Koinuma, T. Koida, T. Ohnishi, D. Komiyama, M. Lippmaa, M. Kawasaki, Appl. Phys. A.: Mater, Sci. Process., Suppl. 69 (1999) S29 – S31.
- 211 A. Ohtomo, T. Makino, K. Tamura, Y. Matsumoto, Y. Segawa, Z. Tang, G. K. L. Wong, H. Kionuma, M. Kawasaki, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 70 – 81.
- 212 Y. Matsumoto, M. Murakami, Z. Jin, A. Nakayama, T. Yamaguchi, T. Ohmori, E. Suzuki, S. Nomura, M. Kawasaki, H. Koinuma, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 19 – 27.
- 213 Z. Jin, M. Murakami, T. Fukumura, Y. Matsumoto, A. Ohtomo, M. Kawasaki, H. Koinuma, J. Cryst. Growth 214/215 (2000) 55 – 58.
- 214 H. Aiyer, D. Nishioka, R. Maruyama, H. Shinno, N. Matsuki, K. Miyazaki, H. Fujioka, H. Koinuma, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40 (2001) L81 – L83.
- 215 J. Wang, Y. Yoo, C. Gao, I. Takeuchi, X.-D. Sun, H. Chang, X.-D. Xiang, P. G. Schultz, Science 279 (1998) 1712 – 1714.
- 216 Symyx Technologies, WO-A 98/14641, 1998 (E. W. McFarland, E. Danielson, M. Devenney, C. Warren).
- 217 X.-D. Xiang, Chem. Ind. 19 (1998) 800 – 802.
- 218 J. Wang, Y. Yoo, C. Gao, I. Takeuchi, X.-D. Sun, H. Chang, X.-D. Xiang, P. G. Schultz, Science 279 (1998) 1712 – 1714.
- 219 For a review, see: M. Noh, C. D. Johnson, M. D. Hornbostel, J. Thiel, D. C. Johnson, Chem. Mater. 8 (1996) 1625 – 1635.
- 220 C. D. Johnson, Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 1096 – 1101.
- 221 J. L. Wu, M. Devenney, E. Danielson, D. Poojary, W. H. Weinberg, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 560 (1999) 65 – 70.
- 222 J. T. Rantala, T. Kololuma, L. Kivimaki, SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 11 – 18.
- 223 J. Wang, K. E. Gonsalves, J. Comb. Chem. 1 (1999) 216 – 222.
- 224 X.-D. Sun, K.-A. Wang, Y. Yoo, W. G. Wallace-Freedman, C. Gao, X.-D. Xiang, P. G. Schultz, Adv. Mater. 9 (1997) 1046 – 1049.
- 225
D. E. Akporiaye,
I. M. Dahl,
A. Karlsson,
R. Wendlbo,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
629 – 631;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980302)110:5<629::AID-ANGE629>3.0.CO;2-4 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 609 – 611.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980316)37:5<609::AID-ANIE609>3.0.CO;2-X CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 226
J. Klein,
C. W. Lehmann,
H.-W. Schmidt,
W. F. Maier,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
3557 – 3561;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19981217)110:24<3557::AID-ANGE3557>3.0.CO;2-7 Web of Science® Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 3369 – 3372.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981231)37:24<3369::AID-ANIE3369>3.0.CO;2-H CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 227
K. Choi,
D. Gardner,
N. Hildbrandt,
T. Bein,
Angew. Chem.
111
(1999)
3070 – 3073;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19991004)111:19<3070::AID-ANGE3070>3.0.CO;2-9 Web of Science® Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 38 (1999) 2891 – 2894.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991004)38:19<2891::AID-ANIE2891>3.0.CO;2-X CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 228 B. E. Baker, N. J. Kline, P. J. Treado, M. J. Natan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (1996) 8721 – 8722.
- 229 K. Kneipp, H. Kneipp, R. Manoharan, E. B. Hanlon, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, M. S. Field, Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (1998) 1493 – 1497.
- 230 J. M. Whitling, G. Spreitzer, D. W. Wright, Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1377 – 1380.
- 231 G. Spreitzer, J. M. Whitling, D. W. Wright, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 599 (2000) 201 – 206.
- 232 G. Spreitzer, J. M. Whitling, J. D. Madura, D. W. Wright, Chem. Commun. 2000 209 – 210.
- 233 M. Cohen-Adad, M. Gharbi, C. Goutaudier, R. Cohen-Adad, J. Alloys Compd. 289 (1999) 185 – 195.
- 234 S. Inoue, Kagaku Kogyo 51 (2000) 128 – 133.
- 235 E. D. Isaacs, M. Marcus, G. Aeppli, X.-D. Xiang, X.-D. Sun, P. G. Schultz, M. Kao, G. S. Cargill III, R. Haushalter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 1820 – 1822.
- 236 K. Omote, T. Kikuchi, J. Harada, M. Kawasaki, A. Ohtomo, M. Ohtani, T. Ohnishi, D. Komiyama, H. Koinuma, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 84 – 91.
- 237 T. Makino, G. Isoya, Y. Segawa, C. Chia, T. Yasuda, M. Kawasaki, A. Ohtomo, K. Tamura, Y. Matsumoto, H. Koinuma, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 28 – 35.
- 238 J. G. Bednorz, M. Takashige, K. A. Müller, Europhys. Lett. 3 (1987) 379 – 385.
- 239 X.-D. Xiang, P. G. Schultz, Physica C 282 – 287 (1997) 428 – 430.
- 240 X.-D. Xiang, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 61 (1999) 227 – 241.
- 241 X.-D. Xiang, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 29 (1999) 149 – 171.
- 242 C. Gao, T. Wei, F. Duewer, X.-D. Xiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 1817 – 1821.
- 243 A. W. Webb, E. F. Skelton, S. B. Quadri, V. Browning, E. R. Carpenter, Physical Review B 45 (1992) 2480 – 2483.
- 244 A. W. Webb, E. F. Skelton, S. B. Quadri, E. R. Carpenter, J. Solid State Chem. 102 (1993) 519 – 533.
- 245 I. Bozovic, V. Matijasevic, Mat. Sci. Forum 352 (2000) 1 – 8.
- 246 H. Kionuma, Y. Matsumoto, M. Murakami, T. Shono, T. Hasegawa, T. Fukumura, M. Kawasaki, P. Ahmet, T. Chikyow, S.-Y. Kioshihara, Science 201 (2001) 854 – 856.
- 247 Y. Matsumoto, M. Murakami, Z. Jin, A. Nakayama, T. Yamaguchi, T. Ohmori, E. Suzuki, S. Nomura, M. Kawasaki, H. Koinuma, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 19 – 27.
- 248 G. Briceno, H. Chang, X.-D. Sun, P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, Science 270 (1995) 273 – 275.
- 249 Symyx Technologies, US 5 776 359, 1998 (P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, I. Goldwasser, The Regents of the University of California).
- 250 K. Seeger: Semiconductor Physics, Springer, Berlin 1991.
- 251 R. B. van Dover, L. F. Schneemeyer, R. M. Fleming, H. A. Huggins, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 61 (1999) 217 – 225.
- 252 J. J. Hanak, Proc. 1er Colloq. Int. Pulvérisation Cathodiques Ses Appl. Suppl. 165 (1973) 177 – 197.
- 253 R. B. van Dover, L. F. Schneemeyer, R. M. Fleming, Nature 392 (1998) 162 – 164.
- 254 H. Chang, C. Gao, I. Takeuchi, Y. Yoo, J. Wang, P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, R. P. Sharma, M. Downes, T. Venkatesan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 (1998) 2185 – 2187.
- 255 J. Li, F. Duewer, C. Gao, H. Chang, X.-D. Xiang, Y. Lu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 769 – 771.
- 256 X.-D. Xiang, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 56 (1998) 246 – 250.
- 257 E. W. McFarland, W. H. Weinberg, Mater. Technol. 13 (1998) 107 – 120.
- 258 Y. Lu, T. Wei, F. Duewer, Y. Lu, N.-B. Ming, P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, Science 276 (1997) 2004 – 2006.
- 259 T. Wei, W. G. Wallace-Freedman, P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68 (1996) 3506 – 3508.
- 260 C. Gao, T. Wei, F. Duewer, Y. Lu, X.-D. Xiang, Appl. Phys. 71 (1997) 1872 – 1874.
- 261 I. Takeuchi, F. Duewer, X.-D. Xiang, Appl. Phys. 71 (1997) 2026 – 2028.
- 262 I. Takeushi, H. Chang, C. Gao, P. G. Schultz, X.-D. Xiang, R. P. Sharma, M. J. Downes, T. Venkatsan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 894 – 896.
- 263
T. Jüstel,
H. Nikol,
C. Ronda,
Angew. Chem.
110
(1998)
3250 – 3271;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19981116)110:22<3250::AID-ANGE3250>3.0.CO;2-1 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (1998) 3084 – 3103.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981204)37:22<3084::AID-ANIE3084>3.0.CO;2-W CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 264 X.-D. Sun, C. Gao, J. Wang, X.-D. Xiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 (1997) 3353 – 3355.
- 265 X.-D. Sun, K.-A. Wang, Y. Yoo, W. G. Wallace-Freedman, C. Gao, X.-D. Xiang, P. G. Schultz, Adv. Mater. 9 (1997) 1046 – 1049.
- 266 X.-D. Sun, X.-D. Xiang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 (1998) 525 – 527.
- 267 C. Schmitz, H.-W. Schmidt, M. Thelakkat, Chem. Mater. 12 (2000) 3012 – 3019.
- 268 V. N. Nesterov, T. V. Timofeeva, O. Y. Borbulevych, M. Y. Antipin, R. D. Clark, Acta Cryst. C56 (2000) 971 – 975.
- 269 K. Sada, K. Yoshikawa, M. Miyata, Chem. Commun. 1998 1763 – 1764.
- 270
Q. Huo,
G. Sui,
P. Kele,
R. M. Leblanc,
Angew. Chem.
112
(2000)
1934 – 1936;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(20000515)112:10<1934::AID-ANGE1934>3.0.CO;2-U Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39 (2000) 1854 – 1857.
- 271 For reviews about new chiral selectors see: A. F. Svec, D. Wulff, J. M. J. Fréchet in G. Subramanian (ed.): Chiral Separation Techniques, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2001, pp. 55 – 93.
- 272 P. Murer, K. Lewandoski, F. Svec, J. M. J. Fréchet, Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 1278 – 1284.
- 273 K. Lewandowski, P. Murer, F. Svec, J. M. J. Fréchet, J. Comb. Chem. 1 (1999) 105 – 112.
- 274 Y. Wu, Y. Wang, A. Yang, T. Li, Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 1688 – 1691.
- 275 L. H. Bluhm, Y. Wang, T. Li, Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 5201 – 5205.
- 276 C. J. Welch, J. Chromatogr. A 666 (1994) 3 – 26.
- 277 C. J. Welch, G. Bhat, M. N. Protopopova, J. Combi. Chem. 1 (1999) 364 – 367.
- 278 Y. Wang, T. Li, Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 4178 – 4182.
- 279 Y. Wang, L. H. Bluhm, T. Li, Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 5459 – 5465.
- 280 C. J. Welch, S. D. Pollard, D. J. Mathre, P. J. Reider, Org. Lett. 3 (2000) 95 – 98.
- 281 M. D. Weingarten, K. Sekanina, W. C. Still, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 9112 – 9113.
- 282 O. Ramström, L. Ye, M. Krook, K. Mosbach, Anal. Comm. 35 (1998) 9 – 11.
- 283 O. Ramström, L. Ye, M. Krook, K. Mosbach, Chromatographia 47 (1998) 465 – 469.
- 284 L. Sabourin, R. J. Ansell, K. Mosbach, I. A. Nicholls, Anal. Comm. 35 (1998) 285 – 287.
- 285 For a review on molecular imprinting see: G. Wulff, Angew. Chem. 107 (1995) 1958 – 1979; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 34 (1995) 1812 – 1832.
- 286 T. Takeuchi, D. Fukuma, J. Matsui, Anal. Chem. 71 (1999) 285 – 290.
- 287 S. Brocchini, K. James, V. Tangpasuthadol, J. Kohn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (1997) 4553 – 4554.
- 288 T. A. Dickinson, D. R. Walt, J. White, J. S. Kauer, Anal. Chem. 69 (1997) 3413 – 3418.
- 289 D. J. Gravert, A. Datta, P. WentworthJr., K. D. Janda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120 (1998) 9481 – 9495.
- 290 A. W. Bosman, A. Heuman, G. Klärner, D. Benoit, J. M. J. Fréchet, C. J. Hawker, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 6461 – 6462.
- 291 C. J. Hawker, D. Benoit, F. RiveraJr., V. Chaplinski, A. Nilsen, R. Braslau, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 80 (1999) 90 – 91.
- 292 R. B. Nielsen, A. L. Safir, M. Petro, T. S. Lee, P. Huefner, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 80 (1999) 92.
- 293 G. Klärner, A. L. Safir, H.-T. Chang, M. Petro, R. B. Nielsen, Polym. Prepr. 401 (1999) 469.
- 294 T. Hashimoto, Y. Muramatsu, T. Hayakawa, H. Fukumoto, T. Yamamoto, H. Koinuma, Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 3941 (2000) 36 – 44, 92 – 100.
Further Reading
-
K. P. Jong (ed.):
Synthesis of Solid Catalysts,
Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim
2009.
10.1002/9783527626854 Google Scholar
-
M. T. M. Koper (ed.):
Fuel Cell Catalysis,
Wiley,
Hoboken, NJ
2009.
10.1002/9780470463772 Google Scholar
- B. L. Miller (ed.): Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ 2010.
-
B. Narasimhan,
S. K. Mallapragada,
M. D. Porter (eds.):
Combinatorial Materials Science,
Wiley,
Hoboken, NJ
2007.
10.1002/9780470140475 Google Scholar
- R. A. Potyrailo, E. J. Amis (eds.): High-Throughput Analysis, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ, New York 2003.
- R. A. Potyrailo, W. F. Maier (eds.): Combinatorial and High-Throughput Discovery and Optimization of Catalysts and Materials, CRC/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007.
-
R. A. Santen,
P. Sautet (eds.):
Computational Methods in Catalysis and Materials Science,
Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim
2009.
10.1002/9783527625482 Google Scholar
-
X.-D. Xiang,
I. Takeuchi:
Combinatorial Materials Synthesis,
CRC Press,
New York
2003.
10.1201/9780203912737 Google Scholar
