pH Measurement and Control
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Introduction |
1.1. |
Historical Background |
1.2. |
Buffer Solutions |
1.3. |
Activities |
1.4. |
Self-Dissociation |
1.5. |
Importance of pH Measurements |
2. |
pH Scales |
2.1. |
Indicators |
2.2. |
Electrochemical Methods |
2.3. |
Primary pH Standards |
2.4. |
Secondary pH Standard Solutions |
3. |
Electrode Cells |
3.1. |
Glass Electrodes |
3.2. |
Reference Electrodes |
3.3. |
Liquid Junctions |
3.4. |
Combined Electrodes |
3.5. |
Testing Glass Electrode Cells |
3.6. |
Alternative pH Electrodes |
4. |
pH Meters or Transformers |
4.1. |
Input Amplifier |
4.2. |
Correction Functions |
4.3. |
Output |
4.4. |
Microprocessor-Controlled pH Meters |
4.5. |
Testing pH Meters |
4.6. |
Self Monitoring |
4.7. |
Self Calibration |
5. |
Analytical Applications |
5.1. |
Calibration of Glass Electrode Cells |
5.2. |
pH Measurement in Water Analysis |
5.3. |
pH Measurement in Concentrated Solutions |
5.4. |
Suspension Effects |
5.5. |
pH Measurement in Nonaqueous Solvents |
6. |
Technical pH Measurements |
6.1. |
Extreme Conditions |
6.2. |
Installation |
6.3. |
Electrode Assemblies |
6.4. |
Pressure Control |
6.5. |
Retractable Assemblies |
7. |
pH Control |