pH Measurement and Control

Helmuth Galster

Helmuth Galster

Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Process Analytics, Bad Vilbel, Federal Republic of Germany

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First published: 15 March 2001

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

Historical Background

1.2.

Buffer Solutions

1.3.

Activities

1.4.

Self-Dissociation

1.5.

Importance of pH Measurements

2.

pH Scales

2.1.

Indicators

2.2.

Electrochemical Methods

2.3.

Primary pH Standards

2.4.

Secondary pH Standard Solutions

3.

Electrode Cells

3.1.

Glass Electrodes

3.2.

Reference Electrodes

3.3.

Liquid Junctions

3.4.

Combined Electrodes

3.5.

Testing Glass Electrode Cells

3.6.

Alternative pH Electrodes

4.

pH Meters or Transformers

4.1.

Input Amplifier

4.2.

Correction Functions

4.3.

Output

4.4.

Microprocessor-Controlled pH Meters

4.5.

Testing pH Meters

4.6.

Self Monitoring

4.7.

Self Calibration

5.

Analytical Applications

5.1.

Calibration of Glass Electrode Cells

5.2.

pH Measurement in Water Analysis

5.3.

pH Measurement in Concentrated Solutions

5.4.

Suspension Effects

5.5.

pH Measurement in Nonaqueous Solvents

6.

Technical pH Measurements

6.1.

Extreme Conditions

6.2.

Installation

6.3.

Electrode Assemblies

6.4.

Pressure Control

6.5.

Retractable Assemblies

7.

pH Control

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