Trace Analysis

1	Subject and Scope
2	Working Fields
3	Contamination and Decontamination
4	Quantitation of Trace-Analytical Measurements and Their Quality Assurance
4.1	Basic Considerations
4.2	Uncertainty Concept
4.3	Calibration
4.4	Validation
4.5	Limit of Decision, Detection, and Determination
4.6	Analytical Quality Assurance
5	Sampling, Sample Preservation, and Sample Preparation
5.1	Sampling and Sample Preservation
5.2	Sample Preparation
5.2.1	General Aspects
5.2.2	Sample Preparation for Inorganic Trace Analysis
5.2.3	Sample Preparation for Organic Trace Analysis
6	Inorganic Trace Analysis
6.1	Introduction
6.2	Spectroscopic Methods
6.2.1	Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
6.2.2	Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
6.2.3	Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS)
6.2.4	Comparison of AAS, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS
6.2.5	X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)
6.3	Electrochemical Analytical Methods
6.3.1	Potentiometry–Ion-selective Electrodes (ISE)
6.3.2	Voltammetry/Polarography
6.3.3	Comparison of Electrochemical Analytical Methods
6.4	Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA)
7	Organic Trace Analysis
7.1	Introduction
7.2	Gas Chromatography (GC)
7.3	High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
8	Other Techniques for Trace Analysis
8.1	Methods of Classical Chemical Analysis
8.2	Methods of the Determination of Group and Sum Parameters
8.3	Enzyme and Immunochemical Analysis
9	Examples of Trace Analysis
9.1	Analysis of Fresh Water for Trace Elements by ICP-MS
9.2	Determination of Pt in Soil Samples by GFAAS
9.3	Determination of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons by GC/MS
9.4	Analysis of Explosives by HPLC/UV
10	Perspective
	References

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