Sodium Chloride
First published: 29 May 2023
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1 | History |
| 2 | Properties |
| 3 | Formation and Occurrence of Salt Deposits |
| 4 | Production |
| 4.1 | Mining of Rock Salt from Underground and Surface Deposits |
| 4.1.1 | Mining by Drilling and Blasting |
| 4.1.2 | Machine Mining |
| 4.1.3 | Upgrading of Rock Salt |
| 4.1.4 | Utilization of the Chambers |
| 4.2 | Brine Production |
| 4.2.1 | Natural Brine Extraction |
| 4.2.2 | Solution Mining |
| 4.2.2.1 | Drilling and Construction of the Borehole |
| 4.2.2.2 | The Process of Solution Mining |
| 4.2.2.3 | Planning of the Extraction Process |
| 4.2.2.4 | Other Systems |
| 4.2.2.5 | Equipment |
| 4.2.2.6 | Storage Caverns |
| 4.2.3 | Combined Dry and Solution Mining |
| 4.3 | Vacuum Salt |
| 4.3.1 | Brine Purification |
| 4.3.2 | Open-Pan Evaporation (Grainer Process) |
| 4.3.3 | Multiple-Effect Evaporation (MEE) Process |
| 4.3.4 | Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) Process |
| 4.3.5 | Recrystallization Process |
| 4.3.6 | Other Process Steps |
| 4.3.7 | Processing Aids |
| 4.3.8 | Evaluation of the Different Processes |
| 4.3.9 | Pharmaceutical Grade Sodium Chloride |
| 4.3.10 | Vacuum Salt Based on Seawater as Raw Material |
| 4.4 | Production of Solar Salt |
| 4.4.1 | Production from Seawater |
| 4.4.1.1 | The Main Factors Governing Production of Sea Salt |
| 4.4.1.2 | Production Stages in a Modern Salt Field |
| 4.4.1.3 | Solar Salt Quality |
| 4.4.1.4 | Byproducts |
| 4.4.2 | Crystallization from Mined Brine |
| 4.4.3 | Extraction from Salt Lakes |
| 4.4.4 | Seawater Desalination |
| 5 | Salt Standards |
| 6 | Analytical Methods |
| 7 | Uses |
| 7.1 | Table Salt and Food Processing |
| 7.1.1 | Functional Salts |
| 7.1.2 | Nitrited Salt |
| 7.1.3 | Dendritic Salt |
| 7.1.4 | Encapsulated Salt |
| 7.1.5 | Salt Replacers and Enhancers |
| 7.2 | Agriculture |
| 7.3 | Water Treatment |
| 7.3.1 | Water Softening |
| 7.3.2 | Water Disinfection |
| 7.4 | Chemical Uses |
| 7.5 | De-icing and Anti-icing |
| 7.6 | Pharma |
| 7.7 | Other Industrial Uses |
| 8 | Anticaking and Free-Flow Additives |
| 9 | Health Aspects |
| 9.1 | Sodium Intake |
| 9.2 | Sodium Restriction |
| 9.3 | Toxicity |
| 9.4 | Microplastics |
| 10 | Environmental Aspects |
| 10.1 | Energy Consumption |
| 10.2 | Carbon Footprint |
| 10.3 | Water Footprint |
| 10.4 | Impact of Salt Use |
| 10.5 | Circular Economy |
| 11 | Economic Aspects |
| List of Abbreviations | |
| References |
