Silica
This is not the most recent version, view other versions
Most recent
Silica
Otto W. Flörke, Heribert A. Graetsch, Fred Brunk, Leopold Benda, Siegfried Paschen, Horacio E. Bergna, William O. Roberts, William A. Welsh, Cristian Libanati, Manfred Ettlinger, Dieter Kerner, Monika Maier, Walter Meon, Ralf Schmoll, Hermann Gies, Dietmar Schiffmann,
This version
Silica
Otto W. Flörke, Heribert A. Graetsch, Fred Brunk, Leopold Benda, Siegfried Paschen, Horacio E. Bergna, William O. Roberts, William A. Welsh, David M. Chapman, Manfred Ettlinger, Dieter Kerner, Monika Maier, Walter Meon, Ralf Schmoll, Hermann Gies, Dietmar Schiffmann,
Otto W. Flörke,
Heribert A. Graetsch,
Fred Brunk,
Leopold Benda,
Siegfried Paschen,
Horacio E. Bergna,
William O. Roberts,
William A. Welsh,
David M. Chapman,
Manfred Ettlinger,
Dieter Kerner,
Monika Maier,
Walter Meon,
Ralf Schmoll,
Hermann Gies,
Dietmar Schiffmann,
Otto W. Flörke
Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHeribert A. Graetsch
Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorFred Brunk
Dr. C. Otto Feuerfest Gmbh, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorLeopold Benda
Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorSiegfried Paschen
Kieselgur- und Kalksandsteinindustrie, Henrich Meyer-Werke Breloh GmbH & Co. KG, Munster, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHoracio E. Bergna
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19 880–0262, United States
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam O. Roberts
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19 880–0262, United States
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam A. Welsh
Grace Davison, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Columbia, Maryland, United States
Search for more papers by this authorDavid M. Chapman
Grace Davison, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Columbia, Maryland, United States
Search for more papers by this authorManfred Ettlinger
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorDieter Kerner
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMonika Maier
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorWalter Meon
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorRalf Schmoll
Degussa-Hüls AG, Werk Weeseling, Wesseling, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHermann Gies
Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorDietmar Schiffmann
Institut für Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorOtto W. Flörke,
Heribert A. Graetsch,
Fred Brunk,
Leopold Benda,
Siegfried Paschen,
Horacio E. Bergna,
William O. Roberts,
William A. Welsh,
David M. Chapman,
Manfred Ettlinger,
Dieter Kerner,
Monika Maier,
Walter Meon,
Ralf Schmoll,
Hermann Gies,
Dietmar Schiffmann,
Otto W. Flörke
Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHeribert A. Graetsch
Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Geophysik, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorFred Brunk
Dr. C. Otto Feuerfest Gmbh, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorLeopold Benda
Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung, Hannover, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorSiegfried Paschen
Kieselgur- und Kalksandsteinindustrie, Henrich Meyer-Werke Breloh GmbH & Co. KG, Munster, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHoracio E. Bergna
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19 880–0262, United States
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam O. Roberts
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19 880–0262, United States
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam A. Welsh
Grace Davison, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Columbia, Maryland, United States
Search for more papers by this authorDavid M. Chapman
Grace Davison, W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn., Columbia, Maryland, United States
Search for more papers by this authorManfred Ettlinger
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorDieter Kerner
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMonika Maier
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorWalter Meon
Degussa-Hüls AG, Standort Wolfgang, Hanau, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorRalf Schmoll
Degussa-Hüls AG, Werk Weeseling, Wesseling, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHermann Gies
Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorDietmar Schiffmann
Institut für Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Silica (SiO2) is a commonly occurring compound in nature. Various crystalline and noncrystalline silica minerals of inorganic and biogenic origin are known. Depending on temperature, pressure, composition of the precursor phases, etc., several different crystalline modifications are formed. Quartz is the most abundant and well-known polymorph. Silica occurs as meter-sized quartz crystals or as amorphous masses made up of submicroscopic crystallites having different microstructures or growth fabrics. In addition, synthetic polymorphs have been produced for which no natural counterparts exist. In industry, quartz sand and silica rocks are widely used as raw materials for production of glass, ceramics, and silicon. Single crystals of quartz are grown artificially for application as resonator crystals in clocks, communication technology, and computer electronics. Both natural and synthetic silica powders are used as fillers to improve the mechanical properties of plastics.
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Silica Modifications and Products |
1.1. |
Occurrence and Geochemistry |
1.2. |
Si-O Bond and Crystal Structures |
1.3. |
Crystalline Silica Phases |
1.3.1. |
Crystalline Silica Minerals |
1.3.2. |
Crystalline Nonmineral Silica Phases |
1.4. |
Noncrystalline Silica Minerals |
1.5. |
Colored Silica Minerals |
1.6. |
Silica Rocks |
1.7. |
Crystalline Silica Products |
1.7.1. |
Cultured Quartz Single Crystals |
1.7.2. |
Polycrystalline Silica Products |
1.8. |
Noncrystalline Silica Products |
2. |
Quartz Raw Materials |
2.1. |
Physical Forms and Occurrence |
2.2. |
Processing |
2.3. |
Uses |
3. |
Diatomites |
3.1. |
Introduction |
3.2. |
Formation, Composition, and Quality Criteria |
3.3. |
Occurrence and Mining |
3.4. |
Processing |
3.5. |
Analysis |
3.6. |
Storage and Transport |
3.7. |
Environmental and Health Protection |
3.8. |
Uses |
3.9. |
Recycling |
4. |
Colloidal Silica |
4.1. |
Introduction |
4.2. |
Structure of Colloidal Silica Particles |
4.3. |
Physical and Chemical Properties |
4.4. |
Stability |
4.5. |
Production |
4.6. |
Analysis and Characterization |
4.7. |
Uses |
4.8. |
Storage, Handling, and Transportation |
4.9. |
Economic Aspects |
5. |
Silica Gel |
5.1. |
Introduction |
5.2. |
Structure, Properties, and Characterization |
5.3. |
Production |
5.4. |
Uses |
5.5. |
Economic Aspects |
5.6. |
Legal Aspects |
6. |
Pyrogenic Silica |
6.1. |
Flame Hydrolysis |
6.1.1. |
Production Process |
6.1.2. |
Morphology |
6.1.3. |
Solid-State Properties |
6.1.4. |
Surface Chemistry |
6.1.5. |
Surface Modification with Silicon Compounds |
6.1.6. |
Characterization |
6.1.7. |
Uses |
6.1.8. |
Industrial Hygiene and Safety |
6.2. |
Electric-Arc Process |
6.3. |
Plasma Process |
7. |
Precipitated Silicas |
7.1. |
Introduction |
7.2. |
Production |
7.3. |
Properties |
7.3.1. |
Physicochemical Properties |
7.3.2. |
Surface Chemistry and Surface Modification |
7.3.3. |
Chemical Composition and Analysis |
7.4. |
Uses |
7.5. |
Industrial Hygiene and Safety |
8. |
Porosils |
8.1. |
Introduction |
8.2. |
Physical and Chemical Properties |
8.2.1. |
Zeosils |
8.2.2. |
Clathrasils |
8.3. |
Manufacture of Porosils |
8.3.1. |
Synthesis of Porosils |
8.3.2. |
Dealumination of Aluminosilicate Zeolites |
8.3.3. |
Formation of Melanophlogite |
9. |
Toxicology |
9.1. |
Experiences with Humans |
9.2. |
Animal Experiments |
References
- 1 R. Siever in Ref. (4)
- 2 H. Füchtbauer (ed.): Sedimente und Sedimentgesteine, 4th ed., Schweizerbarth, Stuttgart 1988.
- 3 Ind. Miner. (London) 236 (1987) 22–39.
- 4 K. C. Condie in K. H. Wedepohl (ed.): Handbook of Geochemistry, vol. II-2, Springer, Berlin 1970, Section 14.
- 5 O. W. Flörke et al., Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. 163 (1991) 19–42.
- 6 V. Swamy, S. K. Saxena, B. Sundman, J. Zhang, J. Geophys. Res. 99 (1994) 11787–11794.
- 7 R. D. Aines, G. R. Rossman, J. Geophys. Res. 89 (1984) 4059–4071.
- 8 A. Nicolas, J. P. Poirier: Crystalline Plasticity and Solid State Flow in Metamorphic Rocks, Chap. 5.9. Wiley, London 1976.
- 9 O. W. Flörke, A. Nukui, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. 158 (1988) 175–182.
- 10 C. Frondel: “Silica Minerals,” The System of Mineralogy, 7th ed., vol. III, Wiley, New York 1962.
- 11 M. J. Mombourquette, J. A. Weil, Can. J. Phys. 63 (1985) 1282–1293.
- 12 H. Schneider, O. W. Flörke, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. 145 (1982) 280–290.
- 13 H. Schneider, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. 1986, 433–444.
- 14 M. J. Buerger, Amer. Mineral. 39 (1954) 600–614.
- 15 L. Pauling, Amer. Mineral. 65 (1980) 321–323.
- 16 R. J. Hill, G. V. Gibbs, Acta Crystallogr. B 35 (1979) 25–30.
- 17 M. O'Keefe, B. G. Hyde, Acta Crystallogr. B 34 (1978) 27–32.
- 18 W. H. Baur, Acta Crystallogr. B 36 (1980) 2198–2202.
- 19
F. Liebau:
Structural Chemistry of Silicates,
Springer-Verlag,
Berlin–Heidelberg
1985.
10.1007/978-3-642-50076-3 Google Scholar
- 20 W. A. Harrison: Electronic Structure and the Properties of Solids, Freeman, San Francisco 1980, pp. 257–288.
- 21 R. D. Shannon, Acta Crystallogr. A32 (1976) 751–767.
- 22 J. R. G. Da Silva, D. G. Pinatti, C. E. Anderson, M. L. Rudee, Philos. Mag. 31 (1975) 731–737.
- 23 B. Martin, O. W. Flörke, E. Kainka, R. Wirth, Phys. Chem. Minerals 23 (1996) 409–417.
- 24 M. T. Dove, Amer. Mineral. 82 (1997) 213–244.
- 25 G. V. Gibbs, C. T. Previtt, K. J. Baldwin, Z. Kristallogr. 145 (1977) 108–123.
- 26 L. Levien, C. T. Prewitt, Amer. Mineral. 66 (1981) 324–333.
- 27 S. Haussühl: Kristallphysik, Chap. 11.4, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany 1983.
- 28
R. E. Newnham:
Structure-Property Relations,
Springer,
Berlin
1975.
10.1007/978-3-642-50017-6 Google Scholar
- 29
G. Dolino in
R. Blinc,
A. P. Levanyuk (eds):
Incommensurate Phases in Dielectrics,
vol. 2,
Elsevier,
Amsterdam
1986,
205–232.
10.1016/B978-0-444-86970-8.50013-5 Google Scholar
- 30 W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie, W. S. Wise, J. Zusmann: “Framework Silicates: Silica Minerals, Feldspathoids and the Zeolites” in Rockforming Minerals Vol. 4B, 2nd ed., The Geological Society Publishing House, Bath, UK, 2004, pp. 15ff.
- 31 K. Kosten, H. Arnold, Z. Kristallogr. 152 (1980) 119–133.
- 32
O. Muller,
R. Roy:
The Major Ternary Structural Families,
Springer-Verlag,
Berlin
1974.
10.1007/978-3-642-65706-1 Google Scholar
- 33 C. Chateau, J. Haines, J.-M. Léger, A. LeSauze, R. Marchand, Amer. Mineral. 84 (1999) 207–210.
- 34 D. C. Palmer: “Stuffed Derivatives of the Silica Polymorphs,” Rev. Miner. 29 (1994) 83–118.
- 35
R. W. G. Wyckoff,
Am. J. Sci.
209
(1925)
448–459.
10.2475/ajs.s5-9.54.448 Google Scholar
- 36 D. J. Peacor, Z. Kristallogr. 138 (1973) 274–298.
- 37 A. F. Wright, A. J. Leadbetter, Philos. Mag. 31 (1975) 1391–1401.
- 38 R. L. Withers et al., Phase Transitions 16/17 (1989) 41–45.
- 39 W. W. Schmahl, I. P. Swainson, M. T. Dove, A. Graeme-Barber, Z. Kristallogr. 201 (1992) 125–145.
- 40 D. M. Hatch, S. Ghose, Phys. Chem. Minerals 17 (1991) 554–562.
- 41 O. W. Flörke, H. Schneider, Ber. Dtsch. Keram. Ges. 63 (1986) 368–372.
- 42 H. Schneider, O. W. Flörke, R. Stoeck, Z. Kristallogr. 209 (1994) 113–117.
- 43 O. W. Flörke, K. Langer, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 36 (1992) 221–230.
- 44 O. W. Flörke, Glastechn. Ber. 32 (1959) 1–9.
- 45 H. Graetsch, O. W. Flörke, Z. Kristallogr. 195 (1991) 31–48.
- 46 K. Kihara, Z. Kristallogr. 152 (1980) 95–101.
- 47 A. K. A. Pryde, M. T. Dove, Phys. Chem. Minerals 26 (1998) 171–179.
- 48 W. A. Dollase, Acta Crystallogr. 23 (1967) 617–623.
- 49 A. Nukui, H. Nakazawa, M. Akao, Amer. Mineral. 63 (1978) 1252–1259.
- 50 H. A. Graetsch, M. Brunelli, Z. Kristallogr. 220 (2005) 606–613.
- 51 K. Kihara, Z. Kristallogr. 146 (1977) 185–203.
- 52 H. Graetsch, Phys. Chem. Minerals 28 (2001) 313–321.
- 53 K. Kato, A. Nukui, Acta Crystallogr. B32 (1976) 2486–2491.
- 54 W. H. Baur, Acta Crystallogr. B33 (1977) 2615–2619.
- 55 J. H. Konnert, D. E. Appleman, Acta Crystallogr. B34 (1978) 391–403.
- 56 W. Hoffmann, M. Kockmeyer, J. Löns, C. Vach, Fortschr. Mineral. 61 (1983) 96–98.
- 57 J. Löns, W. Hoffman, Z. Kristallogr. 178 (1987) 141–143.
- 58 H. Graetsch, I. Topalović-Dierdorf, Eur. J. Mineral. 8 (1996) 103–113.
- 59 H. A. Graetsch, Z. Kristallogr. 218 (2003) 531–535.
- 60 H. Graetsch, Amer. Mineral. 83 (1998) 872–880.
- 61 A. Nukui, O. W. Flörke, Amer. Mineral. 72 (1987) 167–176.
- 62 W. Hoffmann, Naturwiss. 54 (1967) 114.
- 63 W. A. Dollase, W. H. Baur, Amer. Mineral. 61 (1976) 971–978.
- 64 C. B. Sclar, A. P. Young, L. C. Carrison, C. M. Schwartz, J. Geophys. Res. 67 (1962) 4049–4054.
- 65 M. A. Spackmann, R. J. Hill, G. V. Gibbs, Phys. Chem. Miner. 14 (1987) 139–150.
- 66 R. J. Hemley, C. T. Prewitt, K. J. Kingma: “High-Pressure Behavior of Silica,” Rev. Miner. 29 (1994) 41–74.
- 67 G. Miehe, H. Graetsch, Eur. J. Mineral. 4 (1992) 693–706.
- 68 O. W. Flörke, J. B. Jones, H. U. Schmincke, Z. Kristallogr. 143 (1976) 156–165.
- 69 O. W. Flörke, U. Flörke, U. Giese, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Abh. 149 (1984) 325–336.
- 70 P. J. Heaney, J. E. Post, Science 255 (1992) 441–443.
- 71 M. Grasselini Troysi, P. Orlandi, Atti. Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Mem. A79 (1972) 245–250.
- 72 H. Gies, H. Gerke, F. Liebau, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. (1982) 119–124.
- 73 H. Gies, Z. Kristallogr. 164 (1983) 247–257.
- 74 G. Miehe, H. Graetsch, O. W. Flörke, Phys. Chem. Minerals 10 (1984) 197–199.
- 75 H. Graetsch, O. W. Flörke, G. Miehe, Phys. Chem. Minerals 12 (1985) 300–305.
- 76 J. B. Jones, E. R. Segnit, J. Geol. Soc. Australia 18 (1971) 57–68.
- 77 O. W. Flörke, Fortschr. Mineral. 44 (1967) 181–230.
- 78 O. W. Flörke, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. (1955) 217–223.
- 79 H. Graetsch: “Structural Characteristics of Opaline and Microcrystalline Silica Minerals,” Rev. Miner. 29 (1994) 209–232.
- 80 K. Langer, O. W. Flörke, Fortschr. Mineral. 52 (1974) 17–51.
- 81 H. Graetsch, H. Gies, I. Topalović, Phys. Chem. Minerals 21 (1994) 166–175.
- 82 J. Shropshire, P. P. Keat, P. A. Vaughan, Z. Kristallogr. 112 (1959) 400–413.
- 83 F. Liebau, Amer. Mineral. 63 (1978) 918–923.
- 84 B. Martin, K. Röller, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. (1990) 462–466.
- 85 M. G. Fereira da Silva, J. M. F. Navarro, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 109 (1989) 191–197.
- 86 Al. Weiss, Ar. Weiss, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 276 (1954) 95–112.
- 87 O. W. Flörke, J. B. Jones, U. Köster, E. Robarick, Acta Crystallogr. A 46 (1990) Suppl. C-247.
- 88 R. L. Mozzi, B. E. Warren, J. Appl. Cryst. 2 (1969) 164–173.
- 89 H. Graetsch, A. Mosset, H. Gies, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 119 (1990) 173–180.
- 90 R. J. Hemley, H. K. Mao, P. M. Bell, B. O. Mysen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57 (1986) 747–750.
- 91 H. Graetsch, K. Ibel, Phys. Chem. Minerals 24 (1997) 102–108.
- 92 J. V. Sanders, Acta Crystallogr. A24 (1968) 427–434.
- 93 D. C. Hurd in S. R. Aston: Silicon Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry, Academic Press, New York 1983, pp. 179–186.
- 94 O. W. Flörke, J. B. Jones, E. R. Segnit, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. (1973) 82–89.
- 95 H. Graetsch, I. Topalović-Dierdorf, Chem. Erde 56 (1996) 387–391.
- 96 G. Lehmann, H. U. Bambauer, Angew. Chemie 85 (1973) 281–289.
- 97 V. S. Balitsky, J. Crystal Growth 41 (1977) 100–102.
- 98 O. W. Flörke, K. Röller, F. Siebers, Gemmologie 49 (2000) 85–104
- 99 G. R. Rossmann: “Colored Varieties of the Silica Minerals,” Rev. Miner. 29 (1994) 433–467.
- 100 J. S. Goreva, Chi Ma, G. R. Rossman, Am. Mineral. 86 (2001) 466–472.
- 101 R. Pankrath, O. W. Flörke, Eur. J. Mineral. 6 (1994) 435–457.
- 102 O. W. Flörke, Mitt. Österr. Miner. Ges. 140 (1995) 9–34.
- 103 A. C. McLaren, D. R. Pitkethly, Phys. Chem. Minerals 8 (1982) 128–135.
- 104 F. J. Pettijohn: Sedimentary Rocks, 3rd ed., Harper & Row, New York 1975, pp. 195 ff, 300 ff, 392 ff.
- 105 H. Williams, F. J. Turner, C. M. Gilbert: Petrography, 2nd ed., Freeman, San Francisco 1982.
- 106 P. Harben, Ind. Miner. (London) 184 (1983) 28–29, 32.
- 107 O. W. Flörke, B. Köhler-Herbertz, K. Langer, I. Tönges, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 80 (1982) 324–333.
- 108 A. Peschel: Natursteine, 2nd ed., Dtsch. Verlag Grundstoffind., Leipzig 1983, pp. 77–80, 243–251, 274–275.
- 109 S. J. Lefond (ed.): Industrial Minerals and Rocks, (Nonmetallics other than Fuels), 4th ed., Amer. Inst. Mining Metallurg. Petrol. Eng. (AIME), New York 1975.
- 110 M. Kuzvart: Industrial Minerals and Rocks, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1984.
- 111 M. Smith, Ind. Miner. (London) 203 (1984) 19–25.
- 112 K.-T. Wilke: Kristallzüchtung, H. Deutsch, Thun 1988, pp. 1027–1058.
- 113 E. D. Kolb, K. Nassau, R. A. Laudise, E. E. Simpson, K. M. Kroupa, J. Crystal Growth 36 (1976) 93–100.
- 114 C. G. Kennedy, W. L. Knight, W. T. Holser, Amer. J. Sci. 256 (1958) 590–595.
- 115 W. T. Holser, C. G. Kennedy, Amer. J. Sci. 257 (1959) 71–77.
- 116 G. C. Kennedy, Econ. Geol. 45 (1950) 629–653.
- 117 R. A. Laudise, E. D. Kolb, Endeavour 28 (1969) 114–117.
- 118 N. B. Hannay (ed.): “Change of State,” Treatise on Solid State Chemistry, vol. 5, Plenum Press, New York 1975.
- 119113a G. Johnson, J. Foise, Encyclopedia of Applied Physics 15 (1996) 365–375.
- 120 V. A. Kuznetsov, A. N. Lobachev, Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. 17 (1973) 775–803.
- 121 A. Armington, J. F. Balascio, 38th Ann. Frequency Control Symp. (1984) 3–8.
- 122 J. A. Weil, Phys. Chem. Minerals 10 (1984) 149–165.
- 123 M. S. Paterson, Bull. Mineral. 105 (1982) 20–29.
- 124 P. Cordier, J. C. Doukhan, Amer. Mineral. 76 (1991) 361–366.
- 125 J. Flicstein, M. Schieber, J. Cryst. Growth 24/25 (1974) 603–609.
- 126 A. C. McLaren, C. F. Osborne, L. A. Saunders, Phys. Stat. Solidi 4 (1971) 235–247.
- 127 A. C. McLaren, R. F. Cook, S. T. Hyde, R. C. Tobin, Phys. Chem. Minerals 9 (1983) 79–94.
- 128 P. P. Phakey, Phys. Stat. Solidi 34 (1969) 105–119.
- 129 A. C. McLaren, P. P. Phakey, Phys. Stat. Solidi 31 (1969) 723–737.
- 130 D. M. Dodd, D. B. Frazer, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26 (1965) 673–686.
- 131 W. G. Cady: Piezoelectricity, Dover Publ., New York 1964.
- 132 P. Profos (ed.): Handbuch der industriellen Meßtechnik, 4th ed., Vulkan-Verlag, Essen 1987.
- 133 J. C. Brice, Rev. Modern Phys. 57 (1985) 105–146.
- 134 S. Fujishima, IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics Frequency Control 47 (2000) 1–7.
- 135 prEN 12475, part 11: Classification of dense shaped refractory products. Alumina–silica products, Oct. 1996.
- 136 DIN 1089, part 1: Refractories for use in coke ovens. Silica bricks, requirements and testing, Feb. 1995.
- 137 ASTM C 416–97: Standard classification of silica refractory brick.
- 138 O. W. Flörke, Ber. Dtsch. Keram. Ges. 34 (1957) 343–353.
- 139 O. W. Flörke, Refractories J. 11 (1958) 493–516.
- 140 F. Brunk, D. Schmidt, IREFCON' 96 Proc. Vol. I, Indian Refractory Association, Calcutta 1996, 226–230.
- 141 H. Schneider, K. Wohlleben, A. Majdic, Mineral. Mag. 43 (1980) 879–883.
- 142 H. Schneider, A. Majdic, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. (1984) 559–883.
- 143 V. Lach, Sprechsaal 123 (1990) 811–813.
- 144 S. J. Stevens, R. J. Hand, J. H. Sharp, J. Mater. Sci. 32 (1997) 2929–2935.
- 145 A. Majdic, H. Schneider, K. Wohlleben, cfi/DKG 63 (1986) 176–189.
- 146 I. Patzak, Tonind. Ztg. 96 (1972) 291–297.
- 147 H. Schneider, O. W. Flörke, A. Majdic, Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 28 (1979) 267–279.
- 148 D. Taylor, Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 83 (1984) 129–134.
- 149 F. Brunk in G. Routschka (ed.): Refractory Materials, Vulkan-Verlag, Essen 1997, p. 43.
- 150 Y. Naruse, Y. Hoshino, T. Tanaka, Taikabutsu Overseas 2 (1982) 110–120.
- 151 H. J. Koschlig: UNITECR Proc., vol. 1, Amer. Ceram. Soc., Columbus, Ohio 1989, pp. 244–283.
- 152 F. Brunk, W. Weßling: XXXVI. Int. Col. on Refractories, Verlag Stahleisen, Düsseldorf 1993, pp. 20–26.
- 153 J. D. Panda, G. Goswami, Iron & Steel Review 39 (1996) 26–28.
- 154 A. Kumar in S. N. Gosh, S. L. Sarker, S. Harsch (eds.): Progress in Cement and Concrete, vol. 4, Abi Books, New Dehli 1993, pp. 342–367.
- 155 G. H. Beall: “Industrial Applications of Silica,” Rev. Miner. 29 (1994) 469–506.
- 156 K. H. Khayat, P.-C. Aitcin in S. N. Gosh, S. L. Sarker, S. Harsch (eds.): Progress in Cement and Concrete, vol. 4, Abi Books, New Dehli 1993, pp. 226–265.
- 157 F. Press, R. Siever: Earth, 4th ed., Freeman, San Francisco 1986.
- 158 B. J. Skinner, S. C. Parker: Physical Geology, Wiley-Interscience, New York 1987.
- 159 L. Jung: High Purity Natural Quartz, part I: “High Purity Natural Quartz for Industrial Uses”; Part II: “High Purity Natural Quartz Markets for Suppliers and Users,” Quartz Technology Inc., Liberty Corner, New Jersey 1992.
- 160 R. Weiss: Formgrundstoffe, Giesserei-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1984.
- 161 J. Griffith, Ind. Miner. (London) 235 (1987) 25–43.
- 162 H. Füchtbauer (ed.): Sedimente und Sedimentgesteine, 4th ed., Schweizerbarth, Stuttgart 1988.
- 163 H. J. Blankenburg, J. Götze, H. Schulz: Quartzrohstoffe, 2nd ed., Dtsch. Verl. Grundstoffind., Leipzig 1994.
- 164 W. Koensler: Sand und Kies, F. Enke, Stuttgart 1989.
- 165 W. Lorenz, W. Gwosdz: “Bewertungskriterien Industrieminerale, Steine, Erden”, Quartzrohstoffe, Geol. Jahrb., part 3, Series H, H. 6, Bundesanst. Geowiss. u. Rohstoffe, Hannover 1999.
- 166 O. Stier, H. Ortleb: Gefahrstoffe — Reinhaltung Luft 59 (1999) 27–31.
- 167 M. Saller, Ind. Minerals (London) 202 (1999) 6, 25–33.
- 168 Hoffmann Mineral (ed.): Neuburger Kieselerde, Neuburg/Donau 1999.
- 169 O. W. Flörke, B. Köhler-Herbertz, K. Langer, I. Tönges, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 80 (1982) 324–333.
- 170 C. Frondel: “Silica Minerals,” The System of Mineralogy, 7th ed., vol. 3, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1962.
- 171 H. Graetsch, O. W. Flörke, G. Miehe, Phys. Chem. Minerals 14 (1987) 249–257.
- 172 C. Barker, W. D. Underwood, Analyst 117 (1992) 1407–1410.
- 173 R. J. Bodner, Pure Appl. Chem. 67 (1995) 873–880.
- 174 J. Mullis in M. Frey (ed.): Low Temperature Metamorphism, Blackie, Glasgow 1987, pp. 162–199.
- 175 J. T. Nash, T. Theodore, Econ. Geol. 66 (1971) 385–399.
- 176 B. Perney, P. Eberhard, K. Ramseyer, J. Mullis, R. Pankrath, Amer. Mineral. 77 (1992) 534–544.
- 177 Sawyer Research Products, US 3 837 826, 1974 (B. Sawyer).
- 178 Ullmann, 4th ed., 21, 444–450.
- 179 R. Weiss, Erzmetall 27 (1974) 169–177; 31 (1978) 450–457.
- 180 D. H. Solomon, D. G. Hawthorne: Chemistry of Pigments and Fillers, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1983.
- 181 Oberflächenbehandelte Füllstoffe, Data Sheets, Quartzwerke, Frechen, March 8, 1999.
- 182 R. Oberste-Pattberg, ARDEX GmbH, Witten, personal communication.
- 183 S. N. Groudev, V. J. Groudeva, Ind. Minerals (London) 222 (1986) 81–84.
- 184 P. Harpen, Ind. Minerals (London) 184 (1983) 28–29, 32.
- 185 H. Scholze (ed.): “Keramische Werkstoffe,” Keramik, 6th ed., part 2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1983.
- 186 B. M. Coope, Ind. Minerals (London) 298 (1989) 43–55.
- 187 A. Peschel: Natursteine, 2nd ed., Dtsch. Verlag Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig 1983.
- 188 H. Gundlach: Dampfgehärtete Baustoffe, Bauverlag, Wiesbaden 1973.
- 189 W. Eden: Handbuch zur Herstellung von Kalksandstein, 2nd ed., Bundesverband Kalksandsteinindustrie, Hannover 1998.
- 190 W. Eden, E. Eberhard: Forschg. Ber. Nr. 84, Forschungsvereinigung Kalk-Sand, Hannover 1996.
- 191 D. Schlumberger: Cementing Technology, Nova Communications, London 1984, p. 218.
- 192 D. Skudelny, R. Weiss: GAK — Gummi Asbest Kunststoffe 36 (1983) 3–11.
- 193 U. Fuhrmann, D. Skudelny in M. Beyer et al. (eds.): Epoxidharze i. d. Elektrotechnik, Expert-Verlag, Grafenau 1983.
- 194 J. Griffith, Ind. Minerals (London) 241 (1987) 23–45.
- 195 F. A. Hofmann, H. D. Merzbach: Silanbehandelte Füllstoffe und Verwendung in der Farbenindustrie, Quartzwerke Frechen, 1990.
- 196 W. Grass, D. H. Merzbach, D. Skudelny, Farbe + Lack 92 (1986) 1030–1033.
- 197 D. Skudelny, Kunststoffe 77 (1987) 1153–1156.
- 198 F. A. Hofmann, D. Skudelny: Surface treated mineral fillers — growing markets for speciality products, Quartzwerke Frechen, 1990.
- 199 H. Insley, V. D. Fréchette: Microscopy of Ceramics and Cements, Academic Press, New York 1955.
- 200 R. Weiss, Glastech. Ber. 49 (1976) 12–15.
- 201 J. Lange: Rohstoffe der Glasindustrie, Dtsch. Verlag Grundstoffind., Leipzig 1993.
- 202 A. G. Pincus, D. H. Davies (eds.): “Major Ingredients”, Raw Materials in the Glass Industry, part 1, Ashlee Publ., New York 1983.
- 203
H. Petzold,
H. Pöhlmann:
Email und Emailtechnik,
Springer-Verlag,
Berlin
1987.
10.1007/978-3-642-83081-5 Google Scholar
- 204 Ind. Minerals (London) 197 (1984) 19–37, 39–45.
- 205 E. Roedder in H. L. Barnes (ed.): Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York 1979.
- 206 C. Müller (ed.): Databook für Keramik-Glas-Baustoff-Produktion, 2nd ed., Sprechsaal-Verlag, Coburg 1975.
- 207 R. Weiss, Ber. Dtsch. Keram. Ges. 55 (1978) 82–91.
- 208 UNIMIN Corp., New Canaan, Connecticut, USA, data sheet, 1998.
- 209 N. SeveringhausJr. in S. J. Lefond (ed.): Ind. Miner. Rocks 1975, 235–249.
- 210 Roskill Inform. Serv. Ltd.: The Economics of Diatomite, 5th ed., London 1988, p. 73.
- 211 L. Pettifer, Ind. Miner. (London) 175 (1982) 47–69.
- 212 L. Benda, H. Brandes, Geol. Jahrb. Reihe A 21 (1974) 3–85.
- 213 L. Benda, Schriftenr. GDMB 38 (1981) 134–140.
- 214 W. B. Clark, Calif. Geol. 31 (1978) 3–9.
- 215 L. Benda, B. Mattiat, Geol. Jahrb. Reihe D 22 (1977) 3–107.
- 216 F. L. KadeyJr. in S. J. Lefond (ed.): Ind. Miner. Rocks 1975, 605–635.
- 217 Ind. Miner. (London) 1987 May, 22–39.
- 218 Ullmann, 4th ed., 21, 452–456.
- 219 Mitteleuropäische Brautechnische Analysenkommission (MEBAK): Methodensammlung, Freising 1982, III, pp. 651–659.
- 220 Supplier: VEL Geldenaaksebaan 464, B-3030 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium.
- 221 S. Ward: “Liquid Filtration Theory,” in M. J. Matteson, C. Orr (eds.): Filtration, Principles and Practices, New York, Basel 1987.
- 222 J. Kiefer: “Kieselgurfiltration,” Brauwelt 40 (1990) 1730–1749.
- 223 E. Krüger, N. Wagner, B. Lindemann: “Einflußgrößen bei der Bierfiltration,” Brauwelt 50 (1989) 2434–2444.
- 224 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): “Silica and Some Silicates,” Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, no. 42, Lyon 1987.
- 225 International Diatomite Producers Association (IDPA): Silica Facts Questions and Answers; Health and Safety Aspects of Diatomaceous Earth; The Nature and Safe Handling of Diatomaceous Earth, San Francisco 1989.
- 226 Br. J. Ind. Med. 46 (1989) 289–291.
- 227 O. Walton: “Filter Media,” The Brewer 64 (1978) 261–265.
- 228 F. Kainer, Kieselgur, 2nd ed., Enke, Stuttgart 1951, pp. 39–43.
- 229 L. Benda, S. Paschen: “Kieselguhr (Diatomit) — ein vielseitig genutzter Rohstoff,” Geol. Jahrb. A142 (1993) 383–398.
- 230 R. O. Y. Breese: “Diatomite,” in D. D. Carr (ed.): Industrial Minerals and Rocks, 6th ed., AIME, Littleton, CO 1994, pp. 397–442.
- 231 W. Lorenz, W. Gwosdz: “Bewertungskriterien für Industriemineralien, Steine und Erden, Teil 3: Quartzrohstoffe,” Geol. Jahrb. (1999) H6, 3–119.
- 232 D. H. Everett: “Definition Terminology and Symbols in Colloid and Surface Chemistry,” Symbols and Terminology for Physiocochemical Quantities and Units, Appendix II, part 1, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Butterworths, London 1971.
- 233 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 174.
- 234
T. Graham,
Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem.
121
(1862)
36.
10.1002/jlac.18621210102 Google Scholar
- 235 R. Griessbach, Chem. Ztg. 57 (1933) 253.
- 236 P. G. Bird, US 2 244 325, 1945.
- 237 M. F. Bechtold, O. E. Snyder, US 2 574 902, 1951.
- 238 “Silicates and Silicas Report,” Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI International, Menlo Park 1990.
- 239 Opportunities in Specialty Silicas, Kline & Co., Fairfield, N. J., 1992.
- 240 E. S. Gould: Inorganic Reactions & Structures, Henry Holt & Company, New York 1957.
- 241 G. J. Fine, J. Chem. Ed. 68 (1991) 765.
- 242 W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, D. R. Uhlmann: Introduction to Ceramics, 2nd ed., J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1976.
- 243
V. Hofman,
K. Endell,
D. Wilm,
Angew. Chem.
30
(1934)
539–558.
10.1002/ange.19340473002 Google Scholar
- 244 V. Khavryutchenko et al.: “Abstracts of Papers,” in R. K. Iler (ed.): Memorial Symposium on the Colloid Chemistry of Silica, Washington, D.C., 1990, Paper no. 100.
- 245 A. P. Legrand et al., Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 33 (1990) 91–330.
- 246 R. S. McDonald, J. Phys. Chem. 62 (1958) 1168.
- 247 M. L. Hair: Infrared Spectroscopy in Surface Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York 1967, p. 82.
- 248 J. B. Peri, A. L. HensleyJr., J. Phys. Chem. 72 (1968) no. 8, 2926–2933.
- 249 G. E. Maciel, D. W. Sindorf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 (1980) 7606–7607.
- 250 K. D. Unger: “Porous Silica,” J. Chromatogr. Libr. 16 (1979) .
- 251 M. L. Hair in A. T. Bell, M. L. Hair (eds.): “Vibrational Spectroscopies for Adsorbed Species,” ACS Symp. Ser. 137 (1980) .
- 252 L. T. Zhuravlev: “Abstracts of Papers,” in R. K. Iler (ed.) Memorial Symposium on the Colloid Chemistry of Silica, Washington, D.C., 1990, Paper no. 93.
- 253 R. K. Iller: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 410.
- 254 Du Pont Company, Nalco Inc., and Nissan Chemicals, based on product information sheets (not specifications).
- 255 Cabot Corp., and Nissan Inc. and Nissan Chemicals, based on product information sheets (not specifications).
- 256 Nalco Inc., Nissan Chemicals, and Nippon Seahostar, based on product information sheets (not specifications).
- 257 R. K. Iller: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 325.
- 258 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979.
- 259 B. V. Derjaguin: Theory of Stability of Colloids and Thin Films, Consultants Bureau, New York 1989.
- 260 G. W. Sears, R. K. Iler, private communication.
- 261 D. H. Napper: Polymer Stabilization of Colloidal Dispersions, Academic Press, London 1983.
- 262 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 364.
- 263 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 396.
- 264 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 367.
- 265 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 366.
- 266 R. K. Iler, J. Phys. Chem. 56 (1952) 680.
- 267 E. Matijevic et al., J. Phys. Chem. 73 (1969) 564.
- 268 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 409.
- 269 G. B. Alexander, A. H. Bolt, US 3 007 878, 1961.
- 270 J. T. Overbeek, private communiction, 1955, unpublished.
- 271 E. Matijevic, J. Colloid Sci. 19 (1964) 333.
- 272 W. Stober, A. Fink, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26 (1968) 62.
- 273 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 331.
- 274 A. B. Alexander, A. H. Bolt, US 3 007 878.
- 275 R. C. Atkins, US 3 012 973, 1961.
- 276 R. K. Iler, F. J. Wolter, US 2 631 136, 1953.
- 277 M. Mindick, L. E. Reven, US 3 468 813, 1969.
- 278 L. A. Dirnberger, US 2 703 314, 1955.
- 279 J. Kloepfner, DT 762 723, 830 786, 1942.
- 280 C. J. Brinker, G. W. Scherer: Sol-Gel Science, Academic Press, San Diego 1990.
- 281 C. G. Tan et al., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 118 (1987) 290–293.
- 282 J. Wolf, private communication.
- 283 R. K. Iler, US 3 668 088, 1972.
- 284 H. E. Bergna, US 4 410 405, 1983.
- 285 G. B. Alexander, US 2 750 345, 1956.
- 286 H. E. Bergna, F. A. Simko Jr., US 3 301 635, 1967.
- 287 H. H. Mandelbrot in D. Avnir (ed.): A Fractional Approach to Heterogeneous Chemistry, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1989.
- 288 S. Brumauer, P. H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 309.
- 289 G. W. Sears, Anal. Chem. 28 (1956) 1981.
- 290 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979, p. 354.
- 291 T. Allen, R. Davies in R. K. Iler (ed.): “Abstracts of Papers,” Memorial Symposium on the Colloid Chemistry of Silica, , Washington, D.C. 1990, Paper no. 37.
- 292 J. Kirkland in H. E. Bergna (ed.): “Colloid Chemistry of Silica,” Adv. Chem. Ser. 234 1994.
- 293 P. F. Collins, US 2 380 945, 1945.
- 294 P. G. Batelson, CA 1 154 564, 1983.
- 295 K. Anderson et al., Nord. Pulp Pap. Res. J. (1986).
- 296 K. A. Johnson, US 4 643 801, 1987.
- 297 S. C. Sofia et al., US 4 795 531, 1989.
- 298 J. D. Rushmere, US 4 798 653, 1989.
- 299 R. K. Iler, US 2 597 871, 1947.
- 300 R. K. Iler, US 2 726 961, 1955.
- 301 I. V. Wilson, US 2 643 048, 1953.
- 302 R. J. Walsh, A. H. Herzog, US 3 170 273, 1965.
- 303 G. W. Sears, US 3 922 393, 1975.
- 304 J. L. Callahan, US 2 974 110, 1961.
- 305 J. L. Callahan et al., US 3 322 847, 1967.
- 306 T. Graham, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 252 (1861) 204.
- 307 J. G. Vail: “Soluble Silicates,” ACS Monograph Series, vol. 2, Reinhold, New York 1952, p. 549.
- 308 Ullmann, 4th ed., 21, pp. 458–462.
- 309 W. A. Patrick, US 1 297 724, 1918.
- 310 R. K. Iler: The Chemistry of Silica, J. Wiley & Sons, New York 1979.
- 311 C. J. Brinker, G. W. Scherer: Solg-Gel Science, Academic Press, San Diego 1990.
- 312 Wijnen et al., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 145 (1991) 17.
- 313 M. E. Winyall in B. E. Leach (ed.): Applied Industrial Catalysis, vol. 3. Academic Press, Orlando 1984, p. 43.
- 314 S. S. Kistler, J. Phys. Chem. 36 (1932) 52.
- 315 P. H. Tervari, A. J. Hunt, US 4 610 863, 1986.
- 316 BASF, US 4 667 417, 1987 (F. Graser, A. Stange).
- 317 L. C. Klein (ed.): Sol-Gel Technology for Thin Films, Fibers, Preforms, Electronics, and Specialty Shapes, Nayes, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1988.
- 318 M. B. Kenny, K. S. W. Sing in H. Bergna (ed.): “The Colloid Chemistry of Silica,” Adv. Chem. Ser. 234 (1994) .
- 319 S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 309.
- 320 R. W. Cranston, F. A. Inkley, Adv. Catal. 9 (1957) 143.
- 321 K. Sing in G. Parfitt, K. Sing (eds.): Characterization of Powder Surfaces, Academic Press, New York 1976, p. 34.
- 322 R. L. White, A. Nair, Appl. Spectrosc. 44 (1990) 69.
- 323 P. Wijnen, T. Beelen, R. van Santen in H. Bergna (ed.): “The Colloid Chemistry of Silica,” Adv. Chem. Ser. 234, 1994.
- 324 V. K. Markov, N. A. Nagornaya, J. Applied Chem. (USSR) 10 (1937) 853.
- 325 E. Heimann, US 2 316 241, 1938.
- 326 Davison Chemical, US 2 625 492, 1949 (L. O. Young).
- 327 W. R. Grace & Co., US 2 856 268, 1954 (L. O. Young).
- 328 Houdry, US 2 232 727 (A. G. Peterkin, H. A. Shabaker).
- 329 Mizusawa Ind. Chem., DE 1 442 778, 1963 (T. Kuwata, Y. Sugahara, T. Nakazawa).
- 330 Asahi Chem. Ind., JP 48 013 834, 1966 (K. Takizawa, Y. Ohba).
- 331 BASF, DE 2 103 243, 1979 (G. Merz, H. Gehrig, W. Chorbacher).
- 332 Socony-Vacuum Oil Comp., US 2 385 217, 1945 (M. M. Marisic).
- 333 Kali-Chemie, DE 1 567 617, 1970 (J. Dultz).
- 334 Mizusawa, EP 884 277, 1998 (T. Masanori, W. Yuuji).
- 335 J. F. White, I. V. Wilson, Ind. Eng. Chem. 33 (1941) 1169.
- 336 Fuji-Davison, Art-Sorb-Technical Information (in English), 4.11.27 Meieki, Nagoya-shi, Japan 450.
- 337 R. S. McDonald, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79 (1975) 850.
- 338 Crosfield, US 3 617 301, 1968 (D. Barby, J. P. Quinn).
- 339 W. R. Grace & Co., US 4 629 588, 1984 (W. A. Welsh, Y. O. Parent).
- 340 A. Bertod, J. Chromtogr. 549 (1991) 1.
- 341 J. Freng, GB 203 248, 1922.
- 342 Lever Bros., US 3 538 230, 1966 (M. Pader, W. Wiesner).
- 343 W. R. Grace & Co., US 4 303 641, 1978 (R. B. DeWolf, R. Glemza).
- 344 J. M. Huber, US 4 340 583, 1977 (S. K. Wason).
- 345 M. Pader: Oral Hygiene Products and Practice, Marcel Dekker, New York 1988.
- 346 J. S. Magee, J. J. Blazek in J. A. Rabo (ed.): “Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis,” ACS Monogr. no. 171, 1976, 615.
- 347 Phillips Petroleum, US 3 378 540, 1964 (D. R. Witt).
- 348 F. Karol et al., J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 10 (1972) 2621.
- 349 Exxon Chemical, US 4 701 432, 1986 (H. C. Welborn).
- 350 D. D. Dunnom (ed.): Health Effects of Synthetic Silica Particulates, no. 732, ASTM Special Technical Publication, Philadelphia 1981.
- 351 Y. Takizawa et al., Acta Med. Biol. (Niigata) 36 (1988) 27.
- 352 T. Provder: Particle Size Distribution: Assessment and Characterization, ACS Symposium Series 332, American Chemical Society, 1987.
- 353 W. R. Grace & Co., US 3 800 031, 1974 (H. S. Sale, A. Delgrado, C. F. Doyle).
- 354 Unilever Patent Holdings B. V., US 5 215 733, 1993 (J. K. Potter).
- 355 University of New Mexico, US 5 565 142, 1996 (R. Deshpande, D. M. Smith, C. J. Brinker).
- 356 D. M. Chapman, Proceedings of the 1997 TAPPI Coating Conferenz (1997) 73–93.
- 357 Texas Instruments Inc., US 5 847 443, 1998 (C. C. Cho et al.).
- 358 “National Chemical Inventories” (TM) CD-ROM, Copyright 1999, American Chemical Society.
- 359 International Association for Research on Cancer (IARC): Silica, Some Silicates, Coat Dust and Para-aramid Fibrils, vol. 68, 1997, pp.
- 360 C. J. Johnston et al., Toxicol. Sci. 56 (2000) 405–413.
- 361 Degussa, DE 762 723, 1942 (H. Klöpfer).
- 362 S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, E. Teller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 309.
- 363 H. Ferch, K. Seibold, Farbe Lack 90 (1984) 88.
- 364 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 11, Frankfurt 1992.
- 365 M. Schmücker, “Untersuchungen an nichtkristallinen technischen Kieselsäuren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des thermischen Transformationsverhaltens,” Diplomarbeit, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum 1988.
- 366 H. Wistuba, “Die Silanolgruppen der Siliciumdioxidoberfläche und ihre chemischen Reaktionen,” Dissertation, Universität Heidelberg 1967.
- 367 J. Mathias, G. Wannemacher, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 125 (1988) 61.
- 368 D. Kerner, W. Leiner, Colloid Polym. Sci. 253 (1975) 960.
- 369 H. Ferch, Seifen Öle Fette Wachse 101 (1975) 17, 51.
- 370 B. A. Morrow, A. J. McFarlan, J. Non Cryst. Solids 120 (1990) 61.
- 371 B. A. Morrow, A. J. McFarlan, Langmuir 7 (1991) 1695.
- 372 K. Yoshinaga et al., Chem. Lett. 1991, 1129.
- 373 C. P. Tripp, M. L. Hair, Langmuir 7 (1991) 923.
- 374 G. Hellwig, Farbe Lack 81 (1975) no. 8, 705.
- 375
A. Meffert,
A. Langenfeld,
Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
249
(1979)
231.
10.1007/BF00463169 Google Scholar
- 376 H.-P. Boehm, M. Schneider, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 301 (1959) 326.
- 377 H.-P. Boehm, Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 227 (1968) 17.
- 378 H.-P. Boehm, Angew. Chem. 78 (1966) no. 12, 617.
- 379 Degussa, DE 1 163 784, 1962 (H. Brünner, J. Diether, D. Schutte).
- 380 Degussa, DE 3 211 431, 1982 (H. Klebe et al.).
- 381 Ivoclar, DE 3 632 215, 1986 (V. M. Rheinberger, T. Büchl).
- 382 Blendax, WO 8 503 220, 1985 (W. Kuhlmann).
- 383 Kulzer, DE 2 405 578, 1974 (A. Groß, R. Schaefer).
- 384 Canon, EP 369 443, 1989 (Y. Sato, T. Kukimoto).
- 385 Nippon Aerosil Corp., JP 58 185 405, 1983 (N. Furuya, T. Morii).
- 386 Canon, EP 216 295, 1986 (K. Tanaka et al.).
- 387 V. M. Litvinov et al., Acta Polym. 39 (1988) no. 5, 244.
- 388 G. Berrod, A. Vidal, E. Papirer, J. B. Donnet, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 23 (1979) 2679; 26 (1981) 833, 1015.
- 389 P. Vondracek, M. Schätz, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 21 (1977) 3211.
- 390 L. A. Peters, J. C. Vicic, D. E. Cain, GAK Gummi Asbest Kunstst. 44 (1991) no. 2, 69.
- 391 H. Ferch, A. Reisert, R. Bode, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 39 (1986) 1084.
- 392 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 23, Frankfurt 1986.
- 393 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 68, Frankfurt 1985.
- 394 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 18, Frankfurt 1989.
- 395 K. Borho et al., Chem. Ing. Tech. 63 (1991) no. 8, 792.
- 396 H. Rumpf, Chem. Ing. Tech. 46 (1974) no. 1, 1.
- 397 R. Tawashi, Pharm. Ind. 25 (1963) 64.
- 398 H. Ferch, H. Gerofke, H. Itzel, H. Klebe, Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Präventivmedizin 22 (1987) 6; 22 (1987) 23.
- 399 F. Leuschner, unpublished results.
- 400 J. J. Sarre, unpublished results.
- 401 Degussa, DE 1 180 723, 1963 (H. Biegler, W. Neugebauer, H. Kempers).
- 402 Degussa, DE 1 933 291, 1969 (A. Illigen, W. Neugebauer).
- 403 Lonza, DE 2 337 495, 1972 (C. Schnell, M. Wissler, K. Hengartner).
- 404 E. R. Schnell, S. M. L. Hamblyn, K. Hengartner, M. Wissler, Powder Technol. 20 (1978) 15.
- 405 Degussa, DE-AS 1 467 019, 1963 (A. Becker, P. Nauroth).
- 406 Degussa, DE-AS 1 168 874, 1962 (G. Roderburg, P. Nauroth).
- 407 Degussa, DE-AS 1 299 617, 1965 (H. Reinhardt, K. Achenbach, P. Nauroth).
- 408 Degussa, EP 0 078 909, 1982 (P. Nauroth, H. Esch, G. Türk).
- 409 Degussa, DE 1 767 332, 1968 (G. Türk, J. Welsch).
- 410 Degussa, EP 0 341 383, 1989 (D. Kerner, A. Wagner, F. Schmidt, D. Bauer).
- 411 Degussa, DE-OS 3 114 493, 1981 (P. Nauroth, R. Kuhlmann, G. Türk, A. Becker).
- 412 Akzo, DE-AS 2 020 887, 1970 (G. Steenken, E. Seeberger).
- 413 Rhône-Poulenc, EP 0 018 866, 1980 (J-L. Ray, M. Condurier).
- 414 Rhône-Poulenc, EP 0 170 578, 1985 (Y. Chevallier).
- 415 Rhône-Poulenc, EP 0 396 450, 1990 (Y. Chevallier).
- 416 Degussa, DE-OS 3 639 845, 1986 (H. Reinhardt, A. Becker, R. Kuhlmann, P. Nauroth).
- 417 Tokuyama Soda, JP-Kokai 59 141 416, 1983.
- 418 Crosfield, US 4 127 641, 1977 (D. Aldcroft, D. Barby, A. L. Lovell, J. P. Quinn).
- 419 Huber, US 4 260 454, 1978 (S. K. Wason, R. K. Mays).
- 420 Sifrance, DE-AS 2 224 061, 1972 (J.-B. Donnet, B. Baudru, M. Condurier, G. Vrisakis).
- 421 Degussa, DE 966 985, 1950 (K. Andrich).
- 422 Nippon Silica, JP 03 75 215, 1989 (Y. Mikamoto, K. Sakata).
- 423 Degussa, DE 1 229 504, 1962 (G. Kallrath).
- 424 Bayer, DE-OS 3 525 802, 1985 (L. Puppe, O. Schlak, J. Ackermann, T. Naumann).
- 425 Degussa, DE-AS 1 192 162, 1962 (L. Hüter, G. Steenken).
- 426 PPG, DE-AS 1 131 196, 1955 (F. S. Thornhill, E. M. Allen).
- 427 PPG, DE 1 283 207, 1961 (C. B. Lagerstrom).
- 428 Degussa, DE-AS 2 505 191, 1975 (B. Brandt, P. Nauroth, A. Peters, H. Reinhardt).
- 429 Degussa, DE-OS 1 467 437, 1965 (G. Bretschneider, K. Pfeiffer, R. Schwarz, K. Laun).
- 430 Degussa, DE-AS 1 293 138, 1965 (H. Reinhardt, P. Nauroth).
- 431 Degussa, US 4 179 431, 1979 (E. Kilian, A. Kreher, P. Nauroth, G. Türk).
- 432 Degussa, DE-AS 1 567 440, 1965 (H. Biegler, K. Trebinger).
- 433 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 70, 2nd ed., Frankfurt/Main 1984.
- 434 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 28/1, 5th ed., Frankfurt/Main 1998.
- 435 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 32, 4th ed., Frankfurt/Main 1989.
- 436 H. Ferch, Chem. Ing. Tech. 48 (1976) no. 11, 922.
- 437 Degussa, DE 1 172 245, 1963 (G. Kallrath).
- 438 Degussa, DE 2 513 608, 1975 (H. Reinhardt, K. Trebinger, G. Kallrath).
- 439 Degussa, DE 2 729 244, 1977 (P. Nauroth et al.).
- 440 Degussa, DE 1 074 559, 1959.
- 441 Degussa, DE 2 628 975, 1976 (P. Nauroth et al.).
- 442 Degussa, DE 1 667 465, 1967 (P. Nauroth, R. Kuhlmann).
- 443 Degussa, DE 1 592 865, 1967 (O. Kuehnert, G. Türk, E. Eisenmenger).
- 444 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 16/1, 4th ed., Frankfurt/Main 1992.
- 445
H. J. Bachmann,
J. W. Sellers,
M. P. Wagner,
R. F. Wolf,
Rubber Chem. Technol.
32
(1959)
1286.
10.5254/1.3542491 Google Scholar
- 446 G. Kraus: Reinforcement of Elastomers, Interscience, New York 1965.
- 447 S. Wolff, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 41 (1988) no. 7, 674.
- 448 S. Wolff, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 34 (1981) no. 4, 280.
- 449 S. Wolff, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 36 (1983) no. 11, 969.
- 450 Degussa, DE-OS 3 305 373, 1983 (S. Wolff, P. Golombeck).
- 451 R. Bode, A. Reisert, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 32 (1979) no. 2, 89.
- 452 P. Vondracek, M. Schätz, Kautsch. Gummi Kunstst. 33 (1980) no. 9, 699.
- 453 K. H. Müller, Mühle Mischfuttertech. 114 (1977) 28.
- 454 K. H. Müller, Kraftfutter 53 (1970) 436.
- 455 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 31/1, 3rd ed., Frankfurt/Main 1999.
- 456 Degussa, Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Paper no. 1, 5th ed., Frankfurt/Main 1989.
- 457
O. Pfrengle,
Fette Seifen Anstrichm.
63
(1961)
no. 5,
445.
10.1002/lipi.19610630510 Google Scholar
- 458 Degussa, Technical Information, Paper no. TI 1159, Frankfurt/Main, 1994.
- 459 W. Leonhardt, Speciality Chemicals 1989, 441.
- 460 Degussa, DE 1 517 900, 1965 (H. Reinhardt, P. Nauroth, K. Achenbach).
- 461 General Electric, US 4 018 564, 1975 (J. H. Wright).
- 462 Degussa, unpublished report, 77–0016-DKT, 1977.
- 463 Degussa, unpublished report, 79–0004-DKT, 1979.
- 464 Degussa, unpublished report, 81–0016-DGT, 1981.
- 465 Degussa, unpublished report, 91–0131-DGT, 1991.
- 466 Degussa, unpublished report, 91–0132-DGT, 1991.
- 467 Degussa, unpublished report, 87–0004-DGT, 1987.
- 468 E. R. Plunkett, B. J. DeWitt, Arch. Environ. Health 5 (1962) 469–472.
- 469 Degussa, unpublished report, 75–0018-DKT, 1975.
- 470 Degussa, unpublished report, 81–0108-DKT, 1981.
- 471 D. Choudat, C. Frisch, G. Barrat, A. El Kholti, F. Couso, Br. J. Med. 47 (1990) 763–766.
- 472 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ed.): MAK und BAT-Werte-Liste, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim, Germany 1999. pp. 157–165.
- 473 R. M. Barrer: “Porous Crystals: A Perspective” in Y. Murakani, A. Jijima, J. W. Ward (eds.): New Developments in Zeolites Science and Technology, Kodansha, Tokyo, and Elsevier, Amsterdam, Tokyo 1986, pp. 3–11.
- 474 E. M. Flannigen et al., Nature 271 (1978) 512–516.
- 475 W. M. Meier, D. H. Olson, C. Baerlocher: Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types, Butterworth, London 1987.
- 476 http://www.iza-online.org/
- 477 H. Gies, B. Marler, Zeolites 12 (1992) 42–49.
- 478 R. Szostak: “Modified Zeolites” in H. van Bekkum, E. M. Flannigan, J. C. Jansen (eds.): Introduction to Zeolite Science and Practice, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1991, pp. 153–199.
- 479 H. Gies et al., Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Monatsh. 3 (1982) 119–124.
- 480 B. Marler, Phys. Chem. Miner. 16 (1988) 286–290.
- 481 J. F. CooperJr., G. E. Dunning, Am. Mineral. 57 (1972) 1494–1499.
- 482 C. A. Fyfe, H. Gies, J. Inclusion Phenom. 8 (1990) 235–239.
- 483 H. Gies, Z. Kristallogr. 167 (1984) 13–82.
- 484 C. A. Fyfe et al., Zeolites 10 (1990) 278–282.
- 485 C. A. Fyfe et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (1988) 3373–3380.
- 486 C. A. Fyfe et al., J. Am Chem. Soc. 111 (1989) 2470–2474.
- 487 J. A. Ripmeester et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988, 608–611.
- 488 S. H. Park et al.: “The Thermal Expansion of the Zeolites MFI, AFI, DOH, DDR, and MTN in their Calcined and As Synthesized Forms” in H. Chon, S.-K. Ihm, Y. S. Uh (eds.): Progress in Zeolite and Microporous Materials, Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1997, pp. 1989–1994.
- 489 a) N. Y. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. 80 (1976) 60–64. b) D. H. Olson et al., J. Catal. 61 (1980) 390–396.
- 490 R. M. Lago et al.: “The Nature of the Catalytic Sites in HZSM-5-Activity Enhancement” in Y. Murakami, A. Jijima, J. W. Ward (eds.): New Developments in Zeolite Science and Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986, pp. 677–684.
- 491 T. Bein et al.: “Molecular Sieve Films from Zeolite-Silica Microcomposites” in P. A. Jacobs, R. A. van Santen (eds.): Zeolites: Facts, Figures, Future, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1989, pp. 887–896.
- 492 J. C. Jansen et al.: “Zeolite Coatings — Potential Use in Catalysis and Separation” in M. M. J. Treacy, B. K. Marcus, M. E. Bisher, J. B. Higgins (eds.): Proceedings of the 12th International Zeolite Conference, MRS, Warrendale 1999, pp. 603–611.
- 493 Y. S. Lin, Y. H. Ma: “A Comparative Study of Adsorption and Diffusion of Vapor Alcohols and Alcohols from Aqueous Solutions in Silicalite” in P. A. Jacobs, R. A. van Santen (eds.): Zeolites: Facts, Figures, Future, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1989, pp. 877–886.
- 494 P. Enzel, T. Bein, J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 6270 –6272. S. D. Cox, G. D. Stucky, J. Phys. Chem. 95 (1991) 710–720.
- 495 N. Herron, Y. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. 91 (1987) 2757. S. Miyazaki, H. Yoneuyama, Denki Kagaku 58 (1990) 37–40.
- 496 S. T. Homeyer, W. M. H. Sachtler: “Design of Metal Clusters in NaY Zeolite” in P. A. Jacobs, R. A. van Santen (eds.): Zeolites: Facts, Figures, Future, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1989, pp. 975–984. K. Möller et al., J. Phys. Chem. 93 (1989) 6116 –6120.
- 497 S. D. Cox et al., Chem. Mater. 2 (1990) 609 –619.
- 498
G. Ozin
et al.,
Angew. Chem.
101
(1989)
373 –390.
10.1002/ange.19891010343 Google Scholar
- 499 H. Gies et al., Angew. Chem. 94 (1982) 214–215.
- 500 H. K. Chae et al.: “Clathrasils: New Materials for Nonlinear Optics” in G. Stucky (ed.): “New Materials for Nonlinear Optics,” Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 1991.
- 501 H. Gies: “Clathrasils and Zeosils: Inclusion Compounds with Silica Host Framework” in J. L. Atwood, J. E. D. Davies, D. D. McNicol (eds.): Inclusion Compounds, vol. 5, Inorganic and Physical Aspects of Inclusion, Oxford Unversity Press, Oxford 1991, pp. 1–36.
- 502 H. Gies et al.: “Synthesis of Porosils: Crystalline Nanoporous Silicas with Cage- and Channel-Like Void Structure” in H. G. Karge, J. Weitkamp (eds.): Molecular Sieves 1. Science and Technology. Synthesis, Springer, Berlin 1998, pp. 35–65.
- 503 K. R. Franklin, B. M. Lowe, Zeolites 8 (1988) 491–516.
- 504 E. W. Valyocsic, L. D. Rollman, Zeolites 5 (1985) 123–125.
- 505 G. T. Kerr, J. Phys. Chem. 71 (1967) 4165. C. A. Fyfe et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1984, 1093–1094.
- 506 “Silica Flour: Silicosis,” NIOSH, Current Intelligence Bulletin no. 36, 1981. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication no. 81–137, 1981.
- 507 Information Profiles on Potential Occupational Hazards, vol. II, Chemical Classes: Amorphous Silicas, NTIS, no. PB 81–147 886, 1979.
- 508 Patty: 3rd ed., 2 B, p. 3012.
- 509 D. D. Dunnom (ed.): “Health Effects of Synthetic Silica Particulates,” ASTM Spec. Tech. Publ. 732, (1981) no. 04–732000–17.
- 510 E. Quellmalz: “Silikogener Staub,” Das neue Chemikaliengesetz; Arbeitsstoffverordnung, Anhang II, 12/2.8, WEKA-Verlag, Kissing 1982.
- 511 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (ed.): MAKund BAT-Wert-Liste, VCH, Weinheim, Germany 1992, pp. 96–102.
- 512 Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed. 1980, Suppl. Docum. 1981, Silica (amorphous), p. 362, Silica (fused), p. 363, Silica (quartz), p. 364. Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1981.
- 513 W. Klosterkötter, Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. 149 (1965) 577–598.
- 514 W. H. Schepers et al.: AMA Arch. Ind. Health 16 (1957) 125–146.
- 515 H. Volk, Arch. Environ. Health. 1 (1960) 125–128.
- 516 H. Gerofke: Beobachtungen an Beschäftigten des Aerosil-Betriebes. Rheinfelden 1981, unpublished.
- 517 V. C. Vitums et al.: Arch. Environ. Health 32 (1977) no. 2, 62–68.
- 518 F. D. Goldsmith, T. L. Guidotti, D. R. Johnston: Am. J. Ind. Med. 3 (1982) 423.
- 519
P. Westerholm:
Scand. J. Work Environm. Health (Suppl).
2/6
(1980)
1.
10.5271/sjweh.2639 Google Scholar
- 520 M. Finkelstein, R. Kusiak, G. Suranyi: J. Occup. Med. 24 (1982) 663.
- 521 H. Gulbergsson, K. Kurppa, H. Koskinen, M. Vasama: “Association between Silicosis and Lung Cancer: A Register Approach”, VI. International Pneumoconiosis Conference, Bochum, Sept. 20–23, 1983.
- 522
C. G. O'Neill
et al.:
Lancet
202
(1982)
1202.
10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92335-2 Google Scholar
- 523 W. Klosterkötter, H. J. Einbrodt: Arch. Hyg. Bakteriol. 149 (1965) 367–384.
- 524 W. Klosterkötter: Retention, Penetration und Elimination von Quarz bei einem Langzeit-Inhalationsversuch (Konzentration 10 mg/m3) vol. 9, Verlag Glückauf, Essen 1973, p. 177.
- 525 H. Gärtner: Arch. Hyg. Bakt. 136 (1952) 451–467.
- 526 K. W. Jötten: Gutachtliche Untersuchung und Beurteilung der Wirkung von Aerosilstaub auf das Lungengewebe von Versuchstieren, Deutsche Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt, Frankfurt am Main 1952.
- 527 M. M. E. Wagner: J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 57 (1976) 509.
- 528 M. M. E. Wagner, J. C. Wagner, R. Davies, D. M. Griffiths.: Br. J. Cancer 41 (1980) 908.
- 529 F. Stenbäck, J. Rowland.: Oncology 36 (1979) 63.
- 530 L. M. Holland, M. Gonzales, J. S. Wilson, M. I. Tillery: “Pulmonary Effects of Shale Dusts in Experimental Animals,” Environmental Health Conference, Park City, April 6–9, 1982.
