Propionic Acid and Derivatives

1.	Introduction
2.	Physical Properties
3.	Chemical Properties
4.	Production
4.1.	Carbonylation of Ethylene (BASF Process)
4.2.	Oxidation of Propanal
4.3.	Direct Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
4.4.	Production by Fermentation
5.	Storage and Transportation
6.	Quality Specifications
7.	Environmental Protection
8.	Uses
8.1.	Use as Food and Feed Preservative
8.2.	Other Uses
9.	Economic Aspects
10.	Toxicology
11.	Derivatives
11.1.	Salts
11.2.	Propionic Anhydride and Propionyl Chloride
11.3.	Esters
11.4.	Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives
11.4.1.	Properties and Production
11.4.1.1.	2-Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives
11.4.1.2.	3-Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives
11.4.1.3.	2,2-Dichloropropionic Acid
11.4.2.	Uses
11.4.2.1.	2-Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives
11.4.2.2.	3-Chloropropionic Acid
11.4.2.3.	2,2-Dichloropropionic Acid
11.4.3.	Toxicology

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