Nitric Acid, 1. Production
First published: 28 March 2025
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1 | Introduction |
| 1.1 | History |
| 1.2 | Resources of Raw Materials |
| 1.3 | Physical and Chemical Properties |
| 1.3.1 | Physical Properties |
| 1.3.2 | Chemical Properties |
| 2 | General Production Principles |
| 2.1 | Ammonia Oxidation Reactions |
| 2.2 | NO Oxidation and Dimerization |
| 2.3 | Absorption of Nitrogen Oxides and Formation of Nitric Acid |
| 2.3.1 | Mechanism |
| 2.3.2 | Quantitative Assessment |
| 3 | Processes |
| 3.1 | Weak Acid |
| 3.1.1 | Mono-Pressure Processes |
| 3.1.2 | Dual-Pressure Process |
| 3.1.3 | Process Comparison, Operating Figures |
| 3.2 | Azeotropic Acid, Chilled Absorption, Enhanced Absorption Techniques |
| 3.3 | Concentrated Acid |
| 4 | Equipment |
| 4.1 | Catalysts for Ammonia Oxidation (Primary Catalyst) |
| 4.1.1 | Platinum-Group Metal Gauzes |
| 4.1.2 | Use of Non-Noble Metal Catalysts |
| 4.2 | Nitric Acid Machine Train |
| 4.2.1 | Design Features of Machine Elements |
| 4.2.1.1 | Air Compressor/NO Compressor |
| 4.2.1.2 | Tail Gas Turbine |
| 4.3 | Burner and Waste Heat Boiler System |
| 4.4 | Cooler Condenser and Feedwater Preheater |
| 4.5 | Heat Exchangers |
| 4.5.1 | Tail Gas Heaters |
| 4.5.2 | Ammonia Evaporator |
| 4.6 | Absorption Towers |
| 4.7 | Bleaching Columns |
| 4.8 | Other (Filters, Mixers, Pumps) |
| 4.8.1 | Air Filtration |
| 4.8.2 | Ammonia Filtration |
| 4.8.3 | Ammonia Air and Ammonia Tail Gas Mixers |
| 4.8.4 | Pumps |
| 4.9 | Materials |
| 4.9.1 | Weak Nitric Acid Plants (<70 wt%) |
| 4.9.2 | Concentrated Nitric Acid Plants |
| List of Abbreviations | |
| References |
