Metals, Surface Treatment

1.	Introduction
2.	Cleaning
2.1.	Cleaning in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents
2.1.1.	Cleaning and Degreasing in Aqueous Media
2.1.2.	Cleaning Agents Based on Organic Solvents
2.1.3.	Cleaning Process Technology
2.2.	Cleaning and Pickling with Salt Baths
2.2.1.	Bath Composition and Properties
2.2.2.	Descaling of Metals
2.2.3.	Casting Cleaning
2.2.4.	Coatings Removal
3.	Phosphating
3.1.	Chemistry
3.2.	Methods of Application
3.3.	Uses of Phosphate Coatings
4.	Case Hardening of Ferrous Metals
4.1.	Case Hardening without Chemical Reaction via Phase Boundary
4.1.1.	Flame Hardening
4.1.2.	Induction Hardening
4.1.3.	Laser Hardening
4.1.4.	Electron Beam Hardening
4.2.	Thermochemical Treatment
4.2.1.	Gas Carburizing
4.2.1.1.	Principles
4.2.1.2.	Properties of Carburized Components
4.2.1.3.	Carburizing Methods
4.2.2.	Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing
4.2.2.1.	Principles
4.2.2.2.	Properties of Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Components
4.2.2.3.	Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing Methods
4.2.3.	Boriding
4.2.3.1.	Principles
4.2.3.2.	Boriding Methods
4.2.4.	Other Thermochemical Processes
5.	Thermal Spraying
5.1.	Methods of Thermal Spraying
5.1.1.	Flame Spraying
5.1.2.	Electric Arc Spraying
5.1.3.	Plasma Spraying
5.1.4.	High-Velocity Oxy – Fuel Spraying (HVOF)
5.2.	Properties of Thermally Sprayed Coatings
5.3.	Materials
5.3.1.	Spray Coating Materials
5.3.2.	Base Materials
5.4.	Applications
6.	Coloring
7.	Acknowledgement

References

1 see: Richtlinie (Entwurf): Prüfung der Technischen Sauberkeit – Partikelverunreinigung funktionsrelevanter Automobilteile (VDA 19) Verband der Automobilindustrie, 1. Auflage 2004 – Gelbdruck).
Google Scholar
2 H. G. Germscheid: Galvanotechnik 67 (1976) 215.
CAS Google Scholar
3 B. Haase, J. Dong: Surface Engineering 14 (1998) no. 1, 43 – 48.
10.1179/sur.1998.14.1.43
CAS Google Scholar
4 J. Kresse: Jahrb. Oberflächentech. 42 (1986) 24 – 40.
CAS Google Scholar
5 The BImSchV 2 (1990) (Germany) permits the opening of the cleaning chamber and the removal of the cleaning parts only if the CHC concentration is below 1 g/cm³.
Google Scholar
6 GefStoffV, 2002 (Germany).
Google Scholar
7 VbF (Germany): A3 solvents with flash points > 55 °C.
Google Scholar
8 Kolene Corp., US 2 468 006, 1948 (H. G. Webster, J. H. Shoemaker).
Google Scholar
9 Kolene Corp., US 2 863 465, 1955 (R. H. Shoemaker, J. A. Faler).
Google Scholar
10 Kolene Corp., US 4 113 511, 1977 (R. H. Shoemaker, W. G. Wood).
Google Scholar
11 Kolene Corp., US 3 260 619, 1965 (R. H. Shoemaker, H. Geschwender).
Google Scholar
12 Kolene Corp., US 2 458 661, 1944 (H. G. Webster, C. L. Falter).
Google Scholar
13 J. C. Malloy: Sixth World Conference of Investment Casting, Washington, D.C., October 1984.
Google Scholar
14 J. C. Malloy: Clemson Univ. Conference on In-Plant Extrusion, June 1989.
Google Scholar
15 I. I. Chain: Theorie und Praxis der Phosphatierung von Metallen, Verlag Chimija, Leningrad 1973.
Google Scholar
16 G. Lorin: La phosphatation des métaux, Editions Eyrolles, Paris 1973. English translation: Phosphating of Metals, Finishing Publications Ltd., Hampton Hill, Middlesex, 1974.
Google Scholar
17 Ph. Weiss, G. D. Cheever (eds.): Interface Conversion for Polymer Coatings, American Elsevier Publishing Company, New York 1968.
Google Scholar
18 W. Rausch et al.: Die Phosphatierung von Metallen, 2nd ed., Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Saulgau 1988.
Google Scholar
19 D. B. Freeman: Phosphating and Metal Pretreatment, Woodhead-Faulkner, Cambridge.
Google Scholar
20 DIN 50 942: Phosphatierung von Metallen, 1987.
Google Scholar
21 M. Gebhardt, Fachber. Oberflächentech. 9 (1971) no. 3, 81 – 88.
CAS Google Scholar
22 K. Wittel, Ind. Lackierbetr. 51 (1983), 169 – 175, 210 – 215.
CAS Google Scholar
23 W.-A. Roland, K.-H. Gottwald, Metalloberfläche 42 (1988) 301 – 305.
CAS Google Scholar
24 R. Vey, Wire 45 (1995) 346 – 349.
Google Scholar
25 W.-A. Roland, K.-H. Gottwald, Metalloberfläche 48 (1994) 790 – 796.
CAS Google Scholar
26 H. Schümichen, JOT 33 (1993) 42.
Google Scholar
27 H. Gehmecker, Handelsblatt, April 13, 1994, p. B5.
Google Scholar
28 W. Wimmer, J. Gottschalk, E. Busch, H. Gehmecker, JOT 37 (1997) no. 3, 39.
Google Scholar
29 W. Wimmer, H. Gehmecker, Conference Proceedings of SURCAR 1997, in press.
Google Scholar
30 Oakite Products Inc., US 5 053 081, 1990 (S. M. Jacob).
Google Scholar
31 Th. Kolberg, Metalloberfläche 44 (1990) 6.
Google Scholar
32 OCC, US 4 376 000, 1980 (A. Lindert).
Google Scholar
33 Metallgesellschaft, EP-A 698 675, 1995 (M. Fleischhacker-Jeworrek, D. Jentsch, K. Wittel).
Google Scholar
34 J. Grosch: “Werkstoffseitige Grundlagen des induktiven Randschichthärtens,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 44 (1989) no. 4, 205 – 209.
CAS Google Scholar
35 H. Benninghoff (ed.): Wärmebehandlung der Bau- und Werkzeugstähle, 3rd ed., BAZ Buchverlag, Basel 1978.
Google Scholar
36 H.-J. Eckstein (ed.): Technologie der Wärmebehandlung von Stahl, 2nd ed., VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig 1987.
Google Scholar
37 T. Rudlaff: “Arbeiten zur Optimierung des Umwandlungshärtens mit Laserstrahlen,” Dissertation Universität Stuttgart, Teubner Verlag, Stuttgart 1993.
Google Scholar
38 G. Stähli: “Kurzzeit-Wärmebehandlung,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 39 (1984) no. 3, 81 – 90.
Google Scholar
39 Haase, B., M. Stiles, J. Dong: Surf. Eng. 16 (2000) no. 3, 263 – 268.
10.1179/026708400101517134
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
40 J. Wünning: “Prozeßrechner zur Steuerung des Diffusionsverlaufs während der Aufkohlung,” ZWF Z. Wirtsch. Fertigung 77 (1982) no. 9, 424 – 426.
Google Scholar
41 K. H. Weissohn, “Die Technik der C-Pegel-Regelung,” HTM Härterei-Techn. Mitt. 51 (1996) no. 6, 393 – 270.
Google Scholar
42 U. Wyss, “Verbrauch an Trägergas bei der Gasaufkohlung,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 38 (1983) no. 1, 4 – 9.
CAS Google Scholar
43 J. St. Pierre: “Recent Developments in Vacuum Carburizing” in: Carburizing, Processing and Performance, Proceedings of an International Conference, ASM, Lakewood, Colorado, July 1989. Publ. by ASM.
Google Scholar
44 F. Schnatbaum, G. Schmitt, F. Preißer, “Puls-Plasmaaufkohlung mit Hochdruck-Gasabschreckung im industriellen Maßstab,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 51 (1996) no. 5, 265 – 270.
CAS Google Scholar
45 G. Wahl: “Development and Application of Salt Baths in the Heat Treatment of Case Hardening Steels” in (43)
Google Scholar
46 G. Legge: “Plasma Carburizing — Facility Design and Operating Data,” Ind. Heat. (1988) March, 26 – 30.
Google Scholar
47 DIN, Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. (ed.): Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstoffe: Normen, vol. 218, Beuth-Verlag, Berlin – Köln 1986.
Google Scholar
48 H. Streng: Zähigkeitsoptimierung einsatzgehärteter Gefüge, Dissertation, TU Berlin 1986.
Google Scholar
49 H. Czichos, K.-H. Habig: Tribologie Handbuch, Vieweg-Verlag, Braunschweig 1992.
10.1007/978-3-663-01501-7
Web of Science® Google Scholar
50 G. Wahl: Randschichtverfahren, in H. Kunst et al. (eds.): Verschleißhemmende Schicheten, expert-Verlag, Ehingen 1993.
Google Scholar
51 D. Liedtke: Grundlegende Betrachtung des Nitrierens und Nitrocarburierens von Eisenwerkstoffen, in R. Chatterjee-Fischer (ed.): Wärmebehandlung von Eisenwerkstoffen: Nitrieren und Nitrocarburieren, expert-Verlag, Sindelfingen 1986, pp. 1 – 60.
Google Scholar
52 R. Hoffmann, H. Mallener: Nitrieren und Nitrocarburieren in Gasen, in (51), pp. 63 – 124.
Google Scholar
53 F.-W. Eysell: Nitrocarburieren im Salzbad, in R. Chatterjee-Fischer (ed.): Wärmebehandlung von Eisenwerkstoffen: Nitrieren und Nitrocarburieren, expert-Verlag, Ehingen 1995.
Google Scholar
54 F.-W. Eysell: Nitrocarburieren im Salzbad, in (47), pp. 185 – 232.
Google Scholar
55 H. W. Schläpfer: “Drei Salzbadnitrocarburierverfahren im Vergleich,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 39 (1984) no. 6, 267 – 272.
Google Scholar
56 E. J. Mittemeijer, P. F. Colijn: “Oberflächenoxidation von Nitrierschichten, über die Ursachen der Verbesserung der Korrosionsfestigkeit,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 40 (1985) no. 2, 77 – 79.
CAS Google Scholar
57 D. Liedtke: Beitrag zum technisch-wirtschaftlichen Optimieren des Nitrocarburierens von Bauteilen, Dissertation, TU Berlin 1986.
Google Scholar
58 W. Rembges: Nitrieren und Nitrocarburieren im Plasma, in (51), pp. 125 – 183.
Google Scholar
59 H. Wilhelmi, S. Strämke, H. C. Pohl: “Nitrieren mit gepulster Glimmentladung,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 37 (1982) no. 6, 263 – 269.
CAS Google Scholar
60 R. Grün, W. Exner, R. Zeller: “Puls-Plasma-Wärmebehandlung zum Oberflächen- und Randschichtbehandeln,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 42 (1987) no. 1, 42 – 49.
Google Scholar
61 A. von Matuschka: Borieren, Hanser-Verlag, München – Wien 1977.
Google Scholar
62 H. Kunst, O. Schaaber: “Borierverfahren,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 22 (1967) no. 4, 275 – 292.
CAS Google Scholar
63 F. Hegewaldt, L. Singheiser, M. Türk: “Gasborieren,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 39 (1984) no. 1, 7 – 15.
CAS Google Scholar
64 H.-J. Hunger, G. Trute, G. Löbig, D. Rathjen, “Plasmaaktiviertes Gasborieren mit Bortrifluorid,” HTM Härterei-Tech. Mitt. 52 (1997) no. 1, 39 – 45.
CAS Google Scholar
65 H. Simon, M. Thoma: Angewandte Oberflächentechnik, Hanser-Verlag, München – Wien 1985.
Google Scholar
66 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Kenkyusho, Nagakute, Aichi, JP 80 411–77, 1977 (Arai).
Google Scholar
67 M. Villat: Beschichtungen durch thermisches Spritzen, SGT-Fachtagung, Bern 1985.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
68 E. Lugscheider, Metalloberfläche 41 (1987) 240.
CAS Google Scholar
69 O. Knotek, H. Reimann, E. Lugscheider: “Vakuumeingeschmolzene Oberflächenschichten aus Nickelhartlegierungen,” Metall (Berlin) 34 (1980) no. 3, 228.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
70 H. Kreye, P. Heinrich, G. Löwe: “Jet Kote Spraying with Different Fuel Gases,” Proc. ATTAC '88, Osaka 1988, 73 – 78.
Google Scholar
71 H. D. Steffens, M. Wewel: Vacuum Arc Spraying — An Advanced Coating Technology, Proc. 12th ITSC, London 1989.
Google Scholar
72 E. Lugscheider, Th. Weber: Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen beim Plasmaspritzen, Vulkan Verlag, Essen 1987.
Google Scholar
Elektrowärme Int. Ed. B: 45 (1987) no. 3/4, 190 – 195.
Google Scholar
73 Plasmatechik AG, Work Report, Plasma Spraying Technique — Basic Principles and Applications, Wohlen, Switzerland 1975.
Google Scholar
74 E. Lugscheider, H. Eschnauer, B. Häuser, D. Jäger: Vacuum Plasma Spraying of Tantalum and Niobium, Int. Conf. Metall. Coatings, Los Angeles, USA 1985.
Google Scholar
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 3 (1985) no. 6, 1469.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
75 H. Gruner: “Vacuum Plasma Spray Control,” Thin Solid Films 118 (1984) 409 – 420.
10.1016/0040-6090(84)90270-0
CAS ADS Web of Science® Google Scholar
76 E. Lugscheider, B. Häuser, B. Bugsel: Int. Conf. Metall. Coatings, San Diego, USA 1986.
Google Scholar
77 M. Nestler, U. Erning, R. Henriksen: “Characteristics and Industrial Applications of the Diamond Jet Hybrid - The New Generation of HVOF Systems,” Conf. Proc. 4th Conf. HVOF Spraying, Erding, Germany 1997.
Google Scholar
78 E. Lugscheider, A. Krautwald, J. Wilden: Laser Treatment of Thermal Spray Coatings, Conf. Heat Treatment, London 1987.
Google Scholar
79 M. Villat: Lecture given at 1st Plasma-Technik Symposium, Lucerne 1988.
Google Scholar
80 H. Eschnauer, E. Lugscheider, D. Jäger: Proceedings 12th Int. Plansee Seminar, Reutte 1989, vol. 1, pp. 773 – 791.
Google Scholar
81 S. La Niece, P. Craddock (ed.): Metal Plating and Patination, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford 1993.
10.1016/B978-0-7506-1611-9.50022-4
Google Scholar
82 G. Buchner: Die Metallfärbung, Handbuch für die chemische–elektrochemische und mechanische Metallfärbung, 6th ed., Verlag M. Krayn, Berlin 1920.
Google Scholar
83 H. Krause: Metallfärbung, 3rd ed., Carl Hanser Verlag, München 1951.
Google Scholar
84 Farbeffekte in der Oberflächentechnik — 11. Ulmer Gespräch (Tagungsband, April 20 – 21, 1989, Ulm), DGO-VDI-TZ, Eugen-G. Leuze Verlag, Saulgau 1989.
Google Scholar
85 R. Hughes, M. Rowe: The Colouring, Bronzing and Patination of Metals, 4th ed., Crafts Council London 1989.
Google Scholar
86 Proceedings of the Conference on Coloring of Metals (British Museum), London 1990/91.
Google Scholar
87 Ullmann, 16, 548 – 551.
Google Scholar
88 G. Oelsner in Dettner, Elze: Handbuch der Galvanotechnik, vol. III, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 1969, pp. 276 – 314.
Google Scholar
89 A. M. Carpenter: Techniques for the Coloring of Metals, Special Report no. 36, The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, Technical Advisory Commitee, London, Nov. 1978.
Google Scholar
90 W. Schwartz, Plat. Surf. Fin. 96 (1982) June, 26 – 29.
Google Scholar
91 See “Färben von Eisen und Stählen,” in (88), pp. 284 – 291, 313 – 214.
Google Scholar
92 T. E. Evans, A. C. Hart, A. N. Skedgell, “The Nature of Film on Coloured Stainless Steel,” Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 51 (1973) 108 – 112.
CAS Google Scholar
93 V. Piddock, B. Mahmoudian, D. J. Arrowsmith, “Some Factors Affecting the Colouration of Stainless Steel by Immersion in a Mixture of Hot Chromic and Sulphuric Acid,” Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 61 (1983) 93 – 96.
CAS Google Scholar
94 “Blaugefärbte Stahlteile,” Galvanotechn. 86 (1995) no. 12, 3980 – 3982.
Google Scholar
95 “Cold Metal Colouring — a Viable Alternative,” Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 65 (1987) no. 3, 19 – 21.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
96 T. Mingwei, “The Mechanism of Chemical Colouring of Stainless Steel — I. Calculation of the Colouring Initiation Time,” Corros. Sci. 33 (1992) no. 6, 873 – 878.
10.1016/0010-938X(92)90051-4
Google Scholar
“The Mechanism of Chemical Colouring of Stainless Steel — II. Calculation of the Diffusion Potential,” Corros. Sci. 33 (1992) no. 6, 879 – 884.
10.1016/0010-938X(92)90052-5
Web of Science® Google Scholar
97 Färben von Stahl, Mitteilung DFBO, 1950, no. 33, pp. 4 – 6.
Google Scholar
98 A. Strauch et al. in: Galvanotechnisches Fachwissen, VEB Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffchemie, Leipzig 1987, 361 – 363.
Google Scholar
99 S. Wernick, R. Pinner, P. G. Sheasby: Colouring Anodic Oxide Coatings with Dyes and Pigments. The Surface Treatment of Aluminum and its Alloys, 5th ed., vol. II, Chap. 10, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio and Finishing Publications, Teddington 1987.
Google Scholar
100 L. Vanino, E. Seitter: Die Patina, A. Hartleben's Verlag, Pest, Leipzig 1903.
Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Metals, Surface Treatment

View previous versions

Metals, Surface Treatment

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Metals, Surface Treatment

View previous versions

Metals, Surface Treatment

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information