Lead

1.	Introduction
2.	Properties
3.	Occurrence
4.	Production
4.1.	Ore Concentration
4.2.	Smelting
4.2.1.	Sintering Reduction Process
4.2.1.1.	Downdraft Sintering
4.2.1.2.	Updraft Sintering
4.2.1.3.	Products of Sinter Roasting
4.2.2.	Reduction in the Blast Furnace
4.2.2.1.	Process Description
4.2.2.2.	Lead Blast Furnaces
4.2.2.3.	Products of the Lead Blast Furnace
4.2.2.4.	Imperial Smelting Process
4.2.3.	Advances in Sinter Plant–Blast Furnace/ISF Operations
4.3.	Roast Reaction Processes
4.4.	Direct Smelting Reduction Processes
4.4.1.	Oxygen Flash Smelting
4.4.1.1.	Kivcet Process
4.4.1.2.	Top-Blown Rotary Converter (TBRC)
4.4.1.3.	Outokumpu Process
4.4.2.	Air–Slag Bath Smelting, Ausmelt/ISA Smelt furnace
4.4.3.	Oxygen–Slag Bath Smelting, QSL Process
4.4.3.1.	Products of Direct Smelting
4.5.	Other Lead Processes
5.	Refining of Lead Bullion
5.1.	Pyrometallurgical Refining
5.1.1.	Decoppering
5.1.2.	Removal of Arsenic, Tin, and Antimony
5.1.3.	Removal of Noble Metals
5.1.4.	Dezincing
5.1.5.	Debismuthizing
5.1.6.	Final Refining and Casting of Lead
5.1.7.	Processing of Intermediate Products of Pyrometallurgical Refining
5.2.	Electrolytic Refining of Lead Bullion
6.	Recovery of Secondary Lead from Scrap Materials
6.1.	Battery Types and Composition
6.2.	Preparation of Input Material for Secondary Smelting
6.3.	Smelting of Battery Scrap Materials
6.4.	Refining of Lead Bullion from Secondary Lead Production
7.	Uses
8.	Economic Aspects
9.	Toxicology and Occupational Health
9.1.	Sources of Lead Exposure
9.1.1.	Drinking Water
9.1.2.	Atmosphere
9.1.3.	Soil
9.1.4.	Diet
9.1.5.	Consumer Products
9.1.6.	Occupational Exposure
9.2.	Absorption and Excretion
9.3.	Effects
9.3.1.	Acute Effects
9.3.2.	Effects from Repeated Exposures
9.3.2.1.	Hematological Effects
9.3.2.2.	Neurological Effects
9.3.2.3.	Cardiovascular and Renal Effects
9.3.2.4.	Reproductive Effects
9.3.2.5.	Carcinogenicity
9.4.	Indices for Monitoring Lead Exposure
9.4.1.	Lead in Blood
9.4.2.	Teeth, Hair, and Bone
10.	Control of Lead Emissions

General References

Specific References

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