Genetic Engineering
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1. | Introduction |
| 2. | Origin and Emergence of Genetic Engineering |
| 2.1. | Concept of Traits/Genes and Genetics |
| 2.2. | DNA as Genetic Material and Its Structure |
| 2.3. | Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
| 2.4. | Regulation of Gene Expression |
| 2.5. | Improvement of Crops, Fruits, and Vegetables through Genetic Crossing |
| 2.6. | Improving Cattle and Pet Strains by Selective Breeding |
| 3. | Landmark Inventions in Genetic Engineering |
| 3.1. | Foundations of Recombinant DNA Technology and Biotechnology |
| 3.2. | Development of Plasmid Vectors and Molecular Cloning |
| 3.3. | Screening and Identification of Clones |
| 3.4. | Complementary DNA Synthesis |
| 3.5. | DNA Sequencing |
| 3.6. | Deep Sequencing |
| 3.7. | Expression of Recombinant Clones |
| 3.7.1. | Heterologous Gene Expression in Prokaryotes (E. coli) |
| 3.7.2. | Heterologous Gene Expression in Lower Eukaryotes (Yeast) |
| 3.7.3. | Heterologous Gene Expression in Higher Eukaryotes |
| 3.7.3.1. | Mammalian Cells |
| 3.7.3.2. | Insect Systems |
| 3.7.3.3. | Plant Systems |
| 3.8. | Artificial Chromosomes |
| 4. | Tools of Genetic Engineering |
| 4.1. | Restriction Endonucleases |
| 4.2. | Modification Enzymes |
| 4.3. | DNA Polymerases |
| 4.4. | Site-Specific Recombinases |
| 4.5. | Site-Specific Nucleases |
| 5. | Methods of Gene Assembly and Genetic Modifications |
| 5.1. | Chemical Synthesis and Assembly of Genes |
| 5.2. | Site-Directed Mutagenesis |
| 5.3. | DNA Shuffling |
| 5.4. | Synthetic/Codon Shuffling |
| 5.5. | Reverse Genetics |
| 5.6. | Genome Editing |
| 5.7. | Methods of Gene Transfer |
| 6. | Genetic Engineering of Molecules |
| 6.1. | Determination of Protein Structure and Function |
| 6.2. | Development of Novel Regulatory Molecules |
| 6.3. | Development of Proteins with Improved Stability and Functions |
| 6.4. | Fusion Proteins |
| 6.5. | Organelle Targeting of Proteins |
| 6.6. | Subunit Recombinant Vaccines |
| 7. | Genetic Modification of Living Systems |
| 7.1. | Genetic Engineering of Microbes |
| 7.1.1. | Escherichia coli Strains |
| 7.1.2. | Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains |
| 7.2. | Genetic Engineering of Animal Cells and Whole Animals |
| 7.2.1. | Animal Cells |
| 7.2.2. | Transgenic Animal Models |
| 7.2.3. | Gene Knock-Out Animal Models |
| 7.3. | Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants |
| 8. | Applications of Genetic Engineering |
| 8.1. | Basic Research |
| 8.1.1. | Functional Genomics |
| 8.1.2. | Gene Libraries |
| 8.1.3. | Heterologous Gene Expression |
| 8.1.4. | Conditional Gene Expression |
| 8.1.5. | Enzyme-Based Reporters |
| 8.1.6. | Fluorescent Reporters |
| 8.1.7. | Bioluminescence and Imaging |
| 8.1.8. | Biosensors |
| 8.1.9. | Two- and Three-Hybrid Systems |
| 8.1.10. | Stem-Cell Engineering |
| 8.2. | Applications in Medicine |
| 8.2.1. | Therapeutic Proteins |
| 8.2.2. | Recombinant Vaccines |
| 8.3. | Applications in Agriculture |
| 8.3.1. | Pesticide-Resistant Crops |
| 8.3.2. | Disease-Resistant Crops |
| 8.3.3. | Fruits with Increased Shelf Life |
| 8.3.4. | Improving the Nutritional Value of Cereals and Legumes |
| 8.4. | Applications in Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology |
| 8.4.1. | Food Biotechnology |
| 8.4.2. | Biofuels |
| 8.4.3. | Bioremediation |
| 8.4.4. | Pet Industry |
| 9. | Synthetic Biology |
| 9.1. | Advent of Synthetic Biology to make the Engineering Part of GE more Robust |
| 9.2. | De Novo Designed Synthetic Genetic Circuits |
| 9.2.1. | Toggle Switch |
| 9.2.2. | Biological Clock |
| 9.2.3. | Devices to Detect Explosives and Carcinogens in Landmines |
| 9.2.4. | Engineering Bacteria To Act as Photographic Films |
| 9.3. | Building Genetic Circuits with Biobricks |
| 9.4. | Relation of Synthetic Biology and Engineering |
| 9.5. | “Digital-to-Real” Printers |
| 9.6. | Synthetic Biology in Space |
| 9.7. | Resurrection of Extinct Plants and Animals |
| 9.8. | Quorum Sensing in Synthetic Biology |
| 9.9. | Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome |
| 9.10. | Synthetic Biology in Clinical Settings |
| 9.11. | Synthetic Biology: Learning from Nature |
| 10. | Genetic Engineering and Regulations |
| 10.1. | Ethical Guidelines for Research |
| 10.2. | Safety Issues and Their Regulation |
| 10.3. | Patenting Issues |
| 11. | Genetic Engineering and Science Fiction |
| 12. | Emerging Concepts in Genetic Engineering |
| 12.1. | Personalized Medicine |
| 12.2. | Human Gene Therapy |
| 12.3. | Genetic Enhancement |
| 12.4. | Metabolic Engineering |
