Coal Liquefaction
Takao Kaneko,
Frank Derbyshire,
Eiichiro Makino,
David Gray, Masaaki Tamura,
Kejian Li,
Takao Kaneko
Mitsubishi Chemical Corp., Takasago Coal Liquefaction Center of Kobe Steel Ltd., Hyogo, Japan, 676–8670
Search for more papers by this authorFrank Derbyshire
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
Search for more papers by this authorEiichiro Makino
NISSHO IWAI Corp., Coal Liquefaction Project Office, Tokyo, Japan, 107–8655
Search for more papers by this authorMasaaki Tamura
Kobe Steel Ltd., Takasago Coal Liquefaction Center, Hyogo, Japan, 676–8670
Search for more papers by this authorKejian Li
China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co., Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, 100011
Search for more papers by this authorTakao Kaneko,
Frank Derbyshire,
Eiichiro Makino,
David Gray, Masaaki Tamura,
Kejian Li,
Takao Kaneko
Mitsubishi Chemical Corp., Takasago Coal Liquefaction Center of Kobe Steel Ltd., Hyogo, Japan, 676–8670
Search for more papers by this authorFrank Derbyshire
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
Search for more papers by this authorEiichiro Makino
NISSHO IWAI Corp., Coal Liquefaction Project Office, Tokyo, Japan, 107–8655
Search for more papers by this authorMasaaki Tamura
Kobe Steel Ltd., Takasago Coal Liquefaction Center, Hyogo, Japan, 676–8670
Search for more papers by this authorKejian Li
China Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co., Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, 100011
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The article contains sections titled:
1. |
Introduction |
1.1. |
Commercial Development |
1.2. |
Historical Background |
2. |
Indirect Coal Liquefaction |
2.1. |
Preparation of Synthesis Gas |
2.1.1. |
Coal Gasification |
2.1.2. |
Water–Gas Shift |
2.1.3. |
Synthesis Gas Purification |
2.2. |
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis |
2.2.1. |
Mechanisms |
2.2.2. |
Product Selectivity and Characteristics |
2.2.3. |
Catalytic Selectivity |
2.2.4. |
Refining of Crude Products |
2.2.5. |
Integrated Plant Configurations |
2.2.6. |
Commercial Practice at SASOL |
2.2.7. |
New and Developing Technologies |
2.2.8. |
Advanced Systems |
2.3. |
Methanol and Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) |
2.4. |
Dimethyl Ether (DME) |
2.5. |
Environmental Protection |
2.6. |
Economic Aspects |
3. |
Direct Coal Liquefaction |
3.1. |
Mechanisms |
3.2. |
Liquefaction Products |
3.3. |
Solvents |
3.3.1. |
Hydrogen Donors |
3.3.2. |
Coal Conversion and Hydrogen Transfer |
3.3.3. |
Interactive Solvent Effects |
3.3.4. |
Side Reactions of Solvents |
3.4. |
Coal Composition |
3.4.1. |
Coal Rank |
3.4.2. |
Bituminous Coal |
3.4.3. |
Low-Rank Coal |
3.4.4. |
Coal Drying and Oxidation |
3.5. |
Gaseous Hydrogen |
3.6. |
Liquefaction in COH2O and COH2H2O |
3.7. |
Catalysis |
3.7.1. |
Mechanisms |
3.7.2. |
Disposable Catalysts |
3.7.3. |
Supported Catalysts |
3.7.4. |
Molten Halide Catalysts |
3.8. |
Process Description |
3.9. |
Commercial Processes |
3.9.1. |
Kohleoel (Ruhrkohle-Veba Oel) Process |
3.9.2. |
NEDOL Process |
3.9.3. |
Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC-I and SRC-II) Processes |
3.9.4. |
Exxon Donor Solvent Process |
3.9.5. |
H-Coal Process |
3.9.6. |
Catalytic Two-Stage Process |
3.9.7. |
HTI Coal Process |
3.9.8. |
BCL Process |
3.9.9. |
Liquefaction Solvent Extraction Process |
3.10. |
Environmental Considerations |
3.11. |
Economic Aspects |
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