Nondestructive Testing of Polymers and Polymer–Matrix Composites
Andreas J. Brunner,
Erwin Hack,
Jürg Neuenschwander,
Andreas J. Brunner
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorErwin Hack
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorJürg Neuenschwander
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorAndreas J. Brunner,
Erwin Hack,
Jürg Neuenschwander,
Andreas J. Brunner
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorErwin Hack
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorJürg Neuenschwander
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Because of their unique properties, polymers and polymer–matrix composites pose both challenges and opportunities for nondestructive testing. The increasing use of these materials creates a demand for nondestructive verification of various properties or specifications, determination of structural integrity, or prediction of service-life. On the other hand, development of new nondestructive test methods, improved sensitivity, or faster data acquisition and analysis may allow for nondestructive testing applications that hitherto did not seem feasible or economical. This article provides a brief overview of established methods and emerging applications in nondestructive testing of polymers and polymer–matrix composites.
Bibliography
- 1 M. Stamm and B. Carlowitz, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 40 Vols, 7th ed., Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, 2011.
- 2 J. B. Miller and E. K. Hobbie, J. Polym. Sci., Pol Phys 51, 1195–1208 (2013).
- 3 A. J. Brunner, E. Hack, and J. Neuenschwander, in A. Seidel ed., Characterization and Analysis of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2008, pp. 357–377.
- 4 International Organization for Standardization Web site: http://www.iso.org
- 5 Comité Européen de Normalisation Web site: http://www.cen.eu
- 6 International Electrotechnical Commission Web site: http://www.iec.ch
- 7 American Society for Testing and Materials International Web site: http://www.astm.org
- 8 NDT.net, electronic journal available at http://www.ndt.net
- 9 e-polymers , electronic journal available at http://www.e-polymers.org
- 10 ASTM E1067/E1067M, Standard practice for acoustic emission examination of fiberglass reinforced plasticresin (FRP) tanks/vessels, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2011.
- 11 ASTM E1118/E1118M, Standard practice for acoustic emission examination of reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2011.
- 12 ASTM E1736, Standard practice for acousto-ultrasonic assessment of filament-wound pressure vessels, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2015.
- 13 EN 13100-1, Nondestructive testing of welded joints of thermoplastics semi-finished products, Part 1: Visual examination, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels 1999.
- 14 EN 13100-2, Nondestructive testing of welded joints of thermoplastics semi-finished products, Part 2: X-ray radiographic testing, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels 2004.
- 15 EN 13100-3, Nondestructive testing of welded joints of thermoplastics semi-finished products, Part 3: Ultrasonic testing, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels 2004.
- 16 EN 13100-4, Nondestructive testing of welded joints of thermoplastics semi-finished products, Part 4: High voltage testing, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels 2012.
- 17 W. J. Stark, P. R. Stoessel, W. Wohlleben, and A. Hafner, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 5793–5805 (2015).
- 18
B. Reddy, ed., Advances in Diverse Industrial Applications of Nanocomposites, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, 2011.
10.5772/1931 Google Scholar
- 19 D. Feldman, J. Macromol. Sci. A 51, 203–209 (2014).
- 20 A. J. Brunner and J. Bohse, NDT.net 7, 10 (2002).
- 21 C. N. Jackson, C. N. Sherlock, and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 1: Leak Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 1997.
- 22 N. Tracy and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 2: Liquid Penetrant Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 1999.
- 23 X. P. V. Maldague and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 3: Infrared and Thermal Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2001.
- 24 R. H. Bossi, F. A. Iddings, G. C. Wheeler, and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 4: Radiographic Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2002.
- 25 S. S. Udpa, and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 5: Electromagnetic Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2004.
- 26 R. K. Miller, E. v.K. Hill, and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 6: Acoustic Emission Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2005.
- 27 G. L. Workman, D. Kishoni, and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 7: Ultrasonic Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2007.
- 28 D. G. Moore and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 8: Magnetic Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2008.
- 29 M. W. Allgaier, R. E. Cameron, and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 9: Visual Testing, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2010.
- 30 G. L. Workman and P. O. Moore, eds., Nondestructive Testing Handbook, Vol. 10: Nondestructive Testing Overview, 3rd ed., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2012.
- 31 J. Summerscales, ed., Non-Destructive Testing of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics Composites, Vol. 1, Elsevier Science, Ltd., Oxford, U.K., 1987.
- 32 J. Summerscales, ed., Non-Destructive Testing of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics Composites, Vol. 2, Elsevier Science, Ltd., Oxford, U.K., 1990.
- 33 Y. Bar-Cohen, Mater. Eval. 58, 17–30 (2000).
- 34 M. E. Ibrahim, Composites, Part A 64 36–48 (2014).
- 35
R. H. Bossi and V. Giurgiutiu, in P.E. Irving and C. Soutis, eds., Polymer Composites in the Aerospace Industry, Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, U.K., 2015, pp. 413–448.
10.1016/B978-0-85709-523-7.00015-3 Google Scholar
- 36 R. Bogue, Ind. Robot 37, 421–426 (2010).
- 37 E. A. Birt and R. A. Smith, Insight 46, 681–686 (2004).
- 38 T. P. Satishkumar, S. Satheeshkumar, and J. Naveen, J. Reinf. Plast. Comp. 33, 1258–1275 (2014).
- 39 O. Gohardani, M. Chapartegui Elola, and C. Elizetxea, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 70, 42–68 (2014).
- 40 Committee on Acoustic Emission from Reinforced Plastics, CARP of the Society of Plastics Industries, J. Acous. Emiss. 11, C1–C24 (1993).
- 41 ASTM E1495/E1495M, Standard guide for acousto-ultrasonic assessment of composites, laminates, and bonded joints, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2012.
- 42 ASTM E1316, Standard terminology for nondestructive examinations, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 43 ASTM D3878, Standard terminology for composite materials, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2013.
- 44 R. F. Gibson, Compos. Struct. 92, 2793–2810 (2010).
- 45 ASTM F2450, Standard guide for assessing the porosity of polymeric scaffolds for use in tissue-engineered medical products, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 46 D. S. Jones, Int. J. Pharm. 179, 167–178 (1999).
- 47 C. Saron and M. I. Felisberti, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 370, 293–301 (2004).
- 48 A. Leszczynska and K. Pielichowski, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 93, 677–687 (2008).
- 49 J. M. Hutchinson, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 98, 579–589 (2009).
- 50 R. M. Guedes, in J. Figueiras, I. Juvandera, and R. Paris, eds., International Conference on Composites in Construction, 2001, pp. 367–372.
- 51 A. J. Brunner, B. R. K. Blackman, and P. Davies, Eng. Fract. Mech. 75, 2779–2794 (2008).
- 52 ISO 15114, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites—Determination of the mode II fracture resistance for unidirectionally reinforced materials using the calibrated end-loaded split (C-ELS) test and an effective crack length approach, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2014.
- 53 S. S. Kessler, S. M. Spearing, M. J. Atalla, C. E. S. Cesnik, and C. Soutis, Composites, Part B 33, 87–95 (2002).
- 54 S. Vanlanduit and P. Guillaume, Mech. Syst. Signal Process 18, 79–88 (2004).
- 55 J. Cugnoni, Th. Gmür, and A. Schorderet, Composites, Part A 35, 977–987 (2004).
- 56 P. Tan and L. Tong, J. Compos. Mater. 38, 321–325 (2004).
- 57 A. Ghoshal, M. J. Sundaresan, M. J. Schulz, and P. F. Pai, J. Wind. Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 85, 309–324 (2000).
- 58 M. A. Drewry and G. A. Georgiou, Insight 49, 137–141 (2007).
- 59 P. Cawley and R. D. Adams, J. Compos. Mater. 13, 161–175 (1979).
- 60 W. S. Zhou, Z. J. Wu, and L. Mevel, Struct. Health Monit. 9, 433–445 (2010).
- 61 Ch. Hornfeck, Ch. Geiss, M. Rücker, and C. U. Grosse, J. Nondestr. Eval. 34, 14 (2015).
- 62 R. Chandra, S. P. Singh, and K. Gupta, Compos. Struct. 46, 41–51 (1999).
- 63 A. M. Kamal and I. Taha, Key Eng. Mater. 425, 179–194 (2010).
- 64 S. A. Wilson, R. P. J. Jourdain, Q. Zhang, R. A. Dorey, C. R. Bowen, M. Willander, Q. Ul Wahab, M. Willander, S. M. Al-hilli, O. Nur, E. Quandt, C. Johansson, E. Pagounis, M. Kohl, J. Matovic, B. Samel, W. van der Wijngaart, E. W. H. Jager, D. Carlsson, Z. Djinovic, M. Wegener, C. Moldovan, R. Iosub, E. Abad, M. Wendlandt, C. Rusu, and K. Persson, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 56, 1–129 (2007).
- 65 I. Maillet, L. Michel, G. Rico, M. Fressinet, and Y. Gourinat, Compos. Struct. 97, 353–362 (2013).
- 66 D. W. Bonnell, Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Theory, Techniques, and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley-VCH, New York. 2001.
- 67
E. Meyer, H. J. Hug, and R. Bennewitz, Scanning Probe Microscopy The Lab on a Tip, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2004.
10.1007/978-3-662-09801-1 Google Scholar
- 68
B. Vogtländer, Scanning Probe Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2015.
10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0 Google Scholar
- 69 B. D. Ratner and V. V. Tsukruk, eds., Scanning Probe Microscopy of Polymers, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 694, American Chemical Society Division of Polymer Chemistry, Calif. ,ACS Meeting, Orlando, Fla., 1996.
- 70 M. E. Dokukin and I. Sokolov, Langmuir 28, 16060–16071 (2012).
- 71 D. Haba, J. Kaufmann, A. J. Brunner, K. Resch, and Ch. Teichert, Polymer 55, 4032–4040 (2014).
- 72 G. V. Dedkov, Phys. Status Solidi A 179, 3–75 (2000).
- 73 A.-Y. Jee and M. Y. Lee, Polym. Test 29, 95–99 (2010).
- 74 R. F. Gibson, Compos. Sci. Technol. 105, 51–65 (2014).
- 75 EN 13927, Non-destructive testing. Visual testing, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels 2003.
- 76 ASTM F2603, Standard guide for interpreting images of polymeric tissue scaffolds, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2008.
- 77 A. Paul, Archiving 2008 Final Program and Proceedings, Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Springfield, Va., 2008, pp. 26–29.
- 78 J. Shakeshaft, Clin. Oncol. (UK) 22, 681–687 (2010).
- 79 R. Vipond and C. J. Daniels, Composites 16, 14–18 (1985).
- 80 S. A. Hitchen and S. L. Ogin, Compos. Sci. Technol. 47, 239–244 (1993).
- 81 K. D. Jandt, Mater. Sci. Eng. R 21, 221–295 (1998).
- 82 J. Michaelis, C. Hettich, J. Mlynek, and V. Sandoghdar, Nature 405, 325–328 (2000).
- 83 S. Ito and H. Aoki, Adv. Polym. Sci. 182, 131–169 (2005).
- 84 J. M. Atkin, S. Berweger, A. C. Jones, and M. B. Raschke, Adv, Phys. 61, 745–842 (2012).
- 85 M. Fleischer, Nanotechnol. Rev. 1, 313–338 (2012).
- 86 P. K. Rastogi and D. Inaudi, eds., Trends in Optical Non-destructive Testing and Inspection, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2000.
- 87
R. S. Sirohi, Optical Methods of Measurement: Wholefield Techniques, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2009.
10.1201/9781420017762 Google Scholar
- 88 P. K. Rastogi and E. Hack, eds., Optical Methods for Solid Mechanics: A Full-Field Approach, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2012.
- 89
T. Yoshizawa, Handbook of Optical Metrology: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 2015.
10.1201/b18328 Google Scholar
- 90
R. Jones and C. Wykes, Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1989.
10.1017/CBO9780511622465 Google Scholar
- 91 R. Ambu, F. Aymerich, F. Ginesu, and P. Priolo, Compos. Sci. Technol. 66, 199–205 (2006).
- 92 H. Shang and J. Gao, Insight 51, 240–251 (2009).
- 93 P. Menner, H. Gerhard, and G. Busse, J. Mech. Eng. 57, 183–191,(2011).
- 94 M. V. Rao, R. Samuel, and A. Ananthan, Opt. Lasers. Eng. 40, 563–571 (2003).
- 95 G. Georgeson, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. SPIE 4704, 104–115 (2002).
- 96 M. O. W. Richardson, Z.-Y. Zhang, M. Wisheart, J. R. Tyrer, and J. Petzing, Composites, Part A 29, 721–729 (1998).
- 97 W. C. Wang, C. H. Day, C. H. Hwang, and T. B. Chiou, Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 10, 1–15 (1998).
- 98 Y. Y. Hung, L. X. Yang and Y. H. Huang in V. M. Karbhari, ed., Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, U.K., 2013, pp. 84–115.
- 99 W. Steinchen, Yang, G. Kupfer, and P. Mäckel, Proc. Int. Mech. Eng., Part G 212, 21–30 (1998).
- 100 L. Yang, Mater. Eval. 64, 704–709 (2006).
- 101 Y. Y. Hung, Y. S. Chen, S. P. Ng, L. Liu, Y. H. Huang, B. L. Luk, R.W. L. Ip, C.M. L. Wu and P. S. Chung Mater. Sci. Eng. R 64, 73–112 (2009).
- 102 G. De Angelis, M. Meo, D. P. Almond, S. G. Pickering, and S. L. Angioni, NDT & E Int. 45, 91–96 (2012).
- 103 ASTM E2581, Standard practice for shearography of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 104 ASTM E2981, Standard guide for nondestructive testing of the composite overwraps in filament wound pressure vessels used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2015.
- 105
V. Shchepinov, V. Pisarev, eds., Strain and Stress Analysis by Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996.
10.1088/0957-0233/7/9/019 Google Scholar
- 106 M. Whelan, Key. Eng. Mater. 167/168, 122–131 (1999).
- 107 M. Roesel, K. Herstrass, and P. Bajons, Ultrasonics 41, 663–669 (2003).
- 108 A. Davila, P. D. Ruiz, G. H. Kaufmann, and J. M. Huntley, Opt. Lasers Eng. 40, 447–458 (2003).
- 109 T. Kreis, Holographic Interferometry, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
- 110 M. Heredia-Ortiz and E.-A. Patterson, Strain 39, 95–100 (2003).
- 111 J. Geng, Adv. Opt. Photon. 3, 128–160 (2011).
- 112 O. Kafri and I. Glatt, The Physics of Moiré Metrology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1990.
- 113
C. A. Walker, ed., Handbook of Moiré Measurement, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol, U.K., 2004.
10.1887/0750305223 Google Scholar
- 114 H. R. Meyer-Piening, M. Farshad, B. Geier, and R. Zimmermann, Compos. Struct. 53, 427–435 (2001).
- 115 A. H. Fagg, B. Hales, and H. P. Stahl, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. SPIE, 1779, 68–72 (1992).
- 116 T. M. Wang, I. M. Daniel, and J. T. Gotro, J. Compos. Mater. 26, 883–899 (1992).
- 117 M. A. Seif, U. A. Khashaba, and R. Rojas-Oviedo, Compos. Struct. 79, 113–118 (2007).
- 118 P. Tatasciore and E. K. Hack, Opt. Eng. 34, 1887–1898 (1995).
- 119 W. Osten, Opt. Eng. 39, 232–243 (2000).
- 120 J. T. Ruan, F. Aymerich, J. W. Tong, and Z. Y. Wang, Adv. Mat. Sci. Eng., 390965 (2014).
- 121 R. L. Vijaya Kumar, M. R. Bhat, and C. R. L. Murthy, Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 42, 60–68 (2013).
- 122 F. Pierron, B. Green, and M. R. Wisnom, Composites, Part A 38, 2307–2320 (2007).
- 123 B. Schläpfer, A. J. Brunner, and G. Kress, Composites, Part A 61, 279–287 (2014).
- 124 J. Ubaid, M. Kashfuddoja, and M. Ramji, Int. J. Damage Mech. 23, 609–635 (2014).
- 125 P. Zuluaga-Ramírez, M. Frövel, T. Belenguer, and F. Salazar, NDT & E Int. 70, 22–28 (2015).
- 126 P. Liu, R. M. Groves, and R. Benedictus, NDT & E Int. 64, 52–58 (2014).
- 127 K. B. Katnam, A. J. Comer, D. Roy, L. F. M. da Silvas, and T. M. Young, J. Adhes. 91, 113–139 (2015).
- 128 G. S. Bauer, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 463, 505–543 (2001).
- 129 G. S. Bauer, J. Nucl. Mater. 398, 19–27 (2010).
- 130 R. J. Cernik and P. Barnes, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 45, 445–457 (1995).
- 131 R. L. Clough, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 185, 8–33 (2001).
- 132 R. C. Barry and R. A. Betz, Mater. Eval. 49, 474–477 (1991).
- 133 G. Sala, Composites, Part B 31, 357–373 (2000).
- 134 A. Paige Clifton Furrow, D. A. Dillard, T. L. St. Clair, and J. Hinkley, J. Compos. Mater. 32, 31–48 (1998).
- 135 J. C. M. Suarez and R. S. de Biasi, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 82, 221–227 (2003).
- 136 R. V. Ely, ed., Microfocal Radiography, Academic Press, London, 1980.
- 137 I. Rudich, L. Lesensky, and F. Kapelewski, Mater. Eval. 44, 1158–1184 (1986).
- 138 R. Ferreira de Paiva, J. Lynch, E. Rosenberg, and M. Bisiaux, NDT & E Int. 31, 17–22 (1998).
- 139 D. J. Bull, S. M. Spearing, I. Sinclair, and L. Helfen, Composites, Part A 52, 62–69 (2013).
- 140 A. du Plessis, M. Meincken, and T. Seifert, J. Nondestruct. Eval. 32, 413–417 (2013).
- 141 R. Suvarna, V. Arumugam, D. J. Bull, A. R. Chambers, and C. Santulli, Composites, Part B 66, 58–64 (2014).
- 142 EN 584-1, Non-destructive testing—Industrial radiographic film—Part 1: Classification of film systems for industrial radiography, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels, 2006 (document withdrawn).
- 143 A. J. Brunner and J. Neuenschwander, in C. A. Mota Soares, C. M. Mota Soares, and M. J. M. Freitas, eds., Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures, NATO Science Series E: Applied Science, Vol. 361, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass, 1999, pp. 261–278.
- 144 P. Sharma, S. N. Swetadri Vasan, A. Jain, A. Panse, A. H. Titus, A. N. Cartwright, D. R. Bednarek, and S. Rudin, Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2011, 7787–7790 (2011).
- 145 ASTM E2007, Standard guide for computed radiography, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010.
- 146 ASTM E2737, Standard practice for digital detector array performance evaluation and long-term stability, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010.
- 147 ASTM E2446, Standard practice for classification of computed radiology systems, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010.
- 148 EN 14096-1, Non-destructive testing - Qualification of radiographic film digitisation systems - Part 1: Definitions, quantitative measurements of image quality parameters, standard reference film and qualitative control, Conité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels, 2003.
- 149 ISO 12052, Health informatics—Digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) including workflow and data management, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2006.
- 150 M. K. Choong, M. Bister, P. Sathyamoorthy, Zaharah, H. Y. Boey, and Y. C. Wong, Int. Cong. Ser. 1256, 285–291 (2003).
- 151
W. Niemann and S. Zahorodny, in D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds., Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Plenum Press, New York, Vol. 17, 1998, pp. 379–385.
10.1007/978-1-4615-5339-7_48 Google Scholar
- 152 G. Harding and E. Harding, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 68, 993–1005 (2010).
- 153 K. Ravindraswami, K. U. Kiran, K. M. Eshwarappa, and H. M. Somashekarappa, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 300, 997–1003 (2014).
- 154 F. Z. Li, Z. G. Liu, T. X. Sun, C. L. Yang, X. P. Sun, W. Y. Sun, J. L. He, and X. L. Ding, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 112, 163–168 (2015).
- 155 S. Gondrom, J. Zhou, M. Maisl, H. Reiter, M. Kröning, and W. Arnold, Nucl. Eng. Des. 190, 141–147 (1999).
- 156 G. Borstnar, M. N. Mavrogordato, L. Helfen, I. Sinclair, and S. M. Spearing, Composites, Part A 71, 176–183 (2015).
- 157 W. Sun, S. B. Brown, and R. K. Leach, An Overview of Industrial X-Ray Computed Tomography, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, U.K., 55 pp., 2012, available at http://www.npl.co.uk/publications
- 158 B. Müller, F. Beckmann, M. Huser, F. Maspero, G. Székely, K. Ruffieux, Ph. Thurner, and E. Wintermantel, Biomolec. Eng. 19, 73–78 (2002).
- 159 M. W. Czabaj, M. L. Riccio, and W. W. Whitacre, Compos. Sci. Technol. 105, 174–182 (2014).
- 160 F. Peyrin, P. Dong, A. Pacureanu, and M. Langer, Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 12, 465–474 (2014).
- 161 K.-W. Harbich, M. P. Hentschel, and J. Schors, NDT & E Int. 34, 297–302 (2001).
- 162 B. R. Müller, A. Lange, M. Harwardt, and M. P. Hentschel, Adv. Eng. Mater. 11, 435–440 (2009).
- 163 S. S. Ray and M. Okamoto, Prog. Polym. Sci. 28, 1539–1641 (2003).
- 164 B.R. Müller, A. Lange, M. Harwardt, M. P. Hentschel, B. Illerhaus, J. Goebbels, J. Bamberg, and F. Heutling, in G. Busse, D. VanHemelrijk, I. Solodov, and A. Anastasopoulos, eds., Emerging Technologies in Nondestructive Testing, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fla., 2008, pp. 217–221.
- 165 J. Jerjen, V. Revol, A. J. Brunner, Ph. Schuetz, Ch. Kottler, R. Kaufmann, Th. Luethi, G. Nicoletti, C. Urban, and U. Sennhauser, Polym. Test. 32, 1094–1098 (2013).
- 166 V. Revol, B. Plank, R. Kaufmann, J. Kastner, Ch. Kottler, and A. Neels, NDT & E Int. 58, 64–71 (2013).
- 167 V. Revol, Ch. Kottler, R. Kaufmann, A. Neels, and A. Dommann, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 114903 (2012).
- 168 F. A. Vittoria, G. K. N. Kallon, D. Basta, P. C. Diemoz, I. K. Robinson, A. Olivo, and M. Endrizzi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 224102 (2015).
- 169 F. Pfeiffer, T. Weitkamp, O. Bunk, and C. David, Nat. Phys. 2, 258–261 (2006).
- 170 F. Scholkmann, V. Revol, R. Kaufmann, H. Baronowski, and Ch. Kottler, Phys. Med. Biol. 59, 1425–1440 (2014).
- 171 M. W. Johnson, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 46, 673–680 (1995).
- 172 B. Hammouda, Polym. Rev. 50, 14–39 (2010).
- 173 S. Fujine, K. Yoneda, K. Yoshii, M. Kamata, M. Tamaki, K. Ohkubo, Y. Ikeda, and H. Kobayashi, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 424, 190–199 (1999).
- 174 D. Fink, M. Müller, S. Ghosh, K. K. Dwivedi, J. Vacik, V. Hnatowicz, J. Cervena, Y. Kobayashi, and K. Hirata, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 156, 170–176 (1999).
- 175 D. M. Bigg, Polym. Eng. Sci.. 36, 737–743 (1996).
- 176 H. Daniel, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 68, 459–467 (1992).
- 177 F. L. Pratt, S. J. Blundell, Th. Jestädt, B. W. Lovett, A. Husmann, I. M. Marshall, W. Hayes, A. Monkman, I. Watanabe, K. Nagamine, R. E. Martin, and A. B. Holmes, Physica B 289/290, 625–630 (2000).
- 178 R. Lopez-Castafiares, O. Olea-Cardoso, F. Vazquez-Moreno, E. Campos-Carvajal, E. Angeles-Anguiano, A. L. Rivera, and V. M. Castano, Curr. Trends Polym. Sci. 12, 103–118 (2008).
- 179 G. Czeremuszkin, M. Latrèche, and M. R. Wertheimer, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 185, 88–99 (2001).
- 180 C. M. Ramsdale, I. C. Bache, J. D. MacKenzie, D. S. Thomas, A. C. Arias, A. M. Donald, R. H. Friend, and N. C. Greenham, Physica E 14, 268–271 (2002).
- 181 M. Kupke, K. Schulte, R. Schüler, Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 837–847 (2001).
- 182 S. M. Zhang, L. Lin, H. Deng, X. Gao, E. Bilotti, T. Peijs, Q. Zhang, and Q. Fu, eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 6, 159–168 (2012).
- 183 A. Todoroki, H. Kobayashi, and K. Matuura, JSME Int. J., Ser. A 38, 524–530 (1995).
- 184 A. Todoroki and Y. Tanaka, Compos. Sci. Technol. 62, 629–639 (2002).
- 185 D. D. L. Chung and S. K. Wang, Polym. Polym. Compos. 11, 515–525 (2003).
- 186 J. Wen, Z. Xia, and F. Choy, Composites, Part B 42, 77–86 (2011).
- 187 A. Todoroki, Y. Samejima, Y. Hirano, and R. Matsuzaki, Compos. Sci. Technol. 69, 1841–1846 (2009).
- 188 R. Schueler, S. P. Joshi, and K. Schulte, Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 921–930 (2001).
- 189 G. Mook, R. Lange, and O. Koeser, Compos. Sci. Technol. 61, 865–873 (2001).
- 190 Y. Hatsukade, N. Kasai, M. Kurosawa, R. Kawai, H. Takashima, F. Kojima, and A. Ishiyama, Physica C 372–376, 267–270 (2002).
- 191 A. E. Mahdi, L. Panina, and D. Mapps, Sensor Actuators, A 105, 271–285 (2003).
- 192 M. Bini, R. Olmi, A. Ignesti, J. Abusleme, M. Bassi, and A. Sanguineti, Mater. Res. Innov. 8, 23–26 (2004).
- 193 L. M. Sweeting, Chem. Matters 8, 10–12 (1990).
- 194 C. Sklarczyk, S. Winkler, and B. Thielicke, Materialwiss. Werkst. 27, 559–566 (1996) (in German).
- 195 S. O. Gade, U. Weiss, M. A. Peter, and M. G. R. Sause, J. Nondestruct. Eval. 33, 711–723 (2014).
- 196 W. Saleh, N. Qaddoumi, and M. Abu-Khousa, Compos. Struct. 62, 403–407 (2003).
- 197 E. Guilliorit, B. Hosten, C. Bacon, and D. E. Chimenti, Ultrasonics 41, 97–103 (2003).
- 198 L. Diener, Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestr. Eval. 14, 615 (1995).
- 199 S. Zhou and M. C. Hawley, Compos. Struct. 61, 303–309 (2003).
- 200 Y. Jin, Kim, and S. Jeon, J. Korean Phys. Soc. 49, 513–517 (2006).
- 201 C. Jansen, S. Wietzke, O. Peters, M. Scheller, N. Vieweg, M. Salhi, N. Krumbholz, C. Jördens, T. Hochrein, and M. Koch, Appl. Opt. 49, E48 (2010).
- 202 D. K. Hsu, K.-H. Im, C. P. Chiou, and D. J. Barnard, in D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, eds., Rev. Prog. QNDE, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2011, vol 30, pp. 533–540.
- 203 l. Amenabar, F. Lopez, and A. Mendikute, J. Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves 34, 152–169 (2013).
- 204 K. H. Jin, Y.-G. Kim, S. H. Cho, J. C. Ye, and D.-S. Yee, Opt. Exp. 20, 25432–25440 (2012).
- 205 C. D. Stoik, M. J. Bohn, and J. L. Blackshire, NDT & E Int. 43, 106–115 (2010).
- 206 P. Lopato and T. Chady, Nondestruct Test. Eva. 28, 28–43 (2013).
- 207 E. K. Rahani, T. Kundu, Z. Wu, and H. Xin, J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 32, 848–56 (2011).
- 208
K.-H. Im, D. K. Hsu, C. P. Chiou, and D. J. Barnard, Adv. Mater. Res.
650, 253–257 (2013).
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.650.253 Google Scholar
- 209 J. Hauck, D. Stich, P. Heidemeyer., M. Bastian, and T. Hochrein, AIP Conf. Proc. 1593, 86–89 (2014).
- 210 E. Hack and P. Zolliker, Opt Exp 22 16079–16086 (2014).
- 211 B. M. Fischer, S. Wietzke, M. Reuter, O. Peters, R. Gente, C. Jansen, N. Vieweg, and M. Koch, IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 3, 259–268 (2013).
- 212 J. P. Guillet, B. Recur, L. Frederique, B. Bousquet, L. Canioni, I. Manek-Hönninger, P. Desbarats, and P. Mounaix, J Infrared, Millimeter, Terahertz Waves 35, 382–411 (2014).
- 213 D. K. Hsu, D. J. Barnard, and J. J. Peters, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. SPIE 4336, 100–107 (2001).
- 214
C. B. Scruby, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum.
20, 946–953 (1987).
10.1088/0022-3735/20/8/001 Google Scholar
- 215 R. Stiffler and E. G. Henneke, Mater. Eval. 41, 956–960 (1983).
- 216 M. Enoki, M. Watanabe, P. Chivavibul, and T. Kishi, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 1, 157–165 (2000).
- 217 A. Bent and N. W. Hagood, J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct. 8, 903–919 (1997).
- 218 M. Barbezat, A. J. Brunner, P. Flüeler, C. Huber, and X. Kornmann, Sensor Actuators, A 114, 13–20 (2004).
- 219 M. Melnykowycz and A. J. Brunner, Smart Mater. Struct. 20, 075007 (2011).
- 220 M. M. Melnykowycz, R. Koller, M. Barbezat, and A. J. Brunner, Smart Mater. Struct. 19, 1–9, paper No. 015001 (2010).
- 221 C. Dürager and A. J. Brunner in F. Casciati and M. Giordano, eds., Proceedings of the 5th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring, 2010, pp. 394–401.
- 222 C R. Farrar and K. Worden, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., A 365, 303–315 (2007).
- 223 R. A. Nordstrom, A. J. Brunner, and P. Flüeler, J. Acoust. Emiss. 13, 67–77 (1995).
- 224 J. Bohse, Compos. Sci. Technol. 60, 1213–1226 (2000).
- 225 N. Sato, and T. Kurauchi, Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 9, 119–136 (1997).
- 226 N. Kosmann, J. M. Karsten, M. Schuett, K. Schulte, and B. Fiedler, Composites, Part B 70, 184–188 (2015).
- 227 H. Vallen, J. Vallen, and Th. Thenickl, in P. Tscheliesnig, ed., Proceedings of 29th EWGAE Conference, paper 69, 2010, 7 pp..
- 228 A. Prenleloup, Th. Gmür, J. Botsis, K. O. Papailiou, and K. Obrist, Composites, Part A 40, 644–652 (2009).
- 229 M. G. R. Sause, A. Gribov, A. R. Unwin, and S. Horn, Pattern Recogn. Lett. 33, 17–23 (2012).
- 230 M. G. R. Sause and S. Horn, J. Nondestruct. Eval. 29, 123–142 (2010).
- 231 M. G. R. Sause, T. Müller, A. Horoschenkoff, and S. Horn, Compos. Sci. Technol. 72, 167–174 (2012).
- 232 M. G. R. Sause and S. Horn, J. Nondestruct. Eval. 32, 242–255 (2013).
- 233 F. Baensch, M. Zauner, S. J. Sanabria, B. R. Pinzer, M. G. R. Sause, A. J. Brunner, M. Stampanoni, and P. Niemz, Holzforschung, 68(8), 1015–1025 (2015).
- 234 ASTM E569/E569M, Standard practice for acoustic emission monitoring of structures during controlled stimulation, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2013.
- 235 ASTM E1067/E1967M, Standard practice for acoustic emission examination of fiberglass reinforced plastic resin (FRP) tanks/vessels, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2011.
- 236 ASTM E1736, Standard practice for acousto-ultrasonic assessment of filament-wound pressure vessels, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2015.
- 237 ASTM E1888/E1888M, Standard practice for acoustic emission examination of pressurized containers made of fiberglass reinforced plastic with balsa wood cores, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2012.
- 238 ASTM E2076, Standard practice for examination of fiberglass reinforced plastic fan blades using acoustic emission, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010.
- 239 ASTM E2191/E2191M, Standard practice for examination of gas-filled filament-wound composite pressure vessels using acoustic emission, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2010.
- 240 K. Ono, J. Acoust. Emiss. 25, 1–20 (2007); available at www.ndt.net
- 241 P. K. Raju and U. K. Vaidya, Polym. Compos. 17, 275–287 (1996).
- 242 F. Ricci, E. Monaco, S. Tancredi, L. Lecce, S. Banerjee, and A. K. Mal, in O. Buyukozturk, ed., Nondestructive Testing of Materials and Structures, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2012, Vol. 6, pp. 577–584.
- 243 A. Cochran, P. Reynolds, and G. Hayward, Ultrasonics 36, 969–977 (1998).
- 244
G. Pfannschmidt, in A. Briggs and W. Arnold, eds., Advances in Acoustic Microscopy, Vol. 2, Plenum Press (now Springer), New York, pp. 1–38 (1996).
10.1007/978-1-4615-5851-4_1 Google Scholar
- 245 B. Hosten and M. Castaings, Composites, Part A 39, 1054–1058 (2008).
- 246 K. Matsushige, N. Hiramatsu, and H. Okabe, Adv. Polym. Sci. 125, 147–186 (1996).
- 247 M. Rath, J. Döring, W. Stark, and G. Hinrichsen, NDT & E Int. 33, 123–130 (2000).
- 248 E. Maeva, I. Severina, S. Bondarenko, G. Chapman, B. O'Neill, F. Severin, and R. G. Maev Can. J. Phys. 82, 981–1025 (2004).
- 249 M. E. Ibrahim, Composites, Part A 64, 36–48 (2014).
- 250 D. J. Cotter, J. E. Michaels, T. E. Michaels, I. V. Ivakhnenko, and D. Kass, in Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing , paper 216 (2000); available in Ref. 8.
- 251 C. Mineo, S. G. Pierce, B. Wright, I. Cooper, and P. I. Nicholson, Insight 57, 161–166 (2015)
- 252 D. J. Cotter, T. E. Michaels, J. E. Michaels, D. Kass, M. E. Stanton, I. V. Kosenko, and F. H. C. Hotchkiss, in Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing , paper 215 (2000); available in Ref. 8.
- 253 S. J. Bourne, M. Newborough, and D. J. Highgate, Insight 43, 26–28 (2001).
- 254 C. J. Brotherhood, B. W. Drinkwater, and R. J. Freemantle, Insight 45, 729–734 (2003).
- 255 D. E. Chimenti, Ultrasonics, 54, 1804–1816 (2014).
- 256 I. Pelivanov, T. Buma, J. Xia, C.-W. Wei, and M. O'Donnell, Photoacoustics 2, 63–74 (2014).
- 257
M. C. Bhardwaj, Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestr. Eval
28, 920–927 (2009).
10.1063/1.3114356 Google Scholar
- 258 A. Neild, D. A. Hutchins, and D. R. Billson, Ultrasonics 42, 859–864 (2004).
- 259 M. C. Remillieux, B. E. Anderson, T. J. Ulrich, P.-Y. Le Bas, M. R. Haberman, and J. Zhu, Acoust. Today 10, 36-45 (2014).
- 260
D. E. Chimenti and J. Song, Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestr. Eval.
26, 862–869 (2007).
10.1063/1.2718059 Google Scholar
- 261 A. I. Korobov, M. Y. Izosimova, and S. A. Toschov, Phys. Proc. 3, 201–207 (2010).
- 262 P.-Y. Le Bas, T. J. Ulrich, B. E. Anderson, and J. J. Esplin J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, EL52-EL56 (2013).
- 263 T. E. Gómez Álvarez-Arenas, Ultrasonics 50, 104–109 (2010).
- 264 D. K. Hsu, SAMPE J. 46, 38–45 (2010).
- 265 S. J. Sanabria, R. Furrer, J. Neuenschwander, P. Niemz, and U. Sennhauser, Ultrasonics 53, 1309–1324 (2013).
- 266 S. K. Chakrapani, V. Dayal, and D. Barnard, Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 24, 191–201 (2013).
- 267 M. Castaings and B. Hosten, NDT & E Int. 41, 648–655 (2008).
- 268 F. Lionetto and A. Maffezzoli, Materials 6, 3783–3804 (2013).
- 269 M. Dubois and T. E. Drake, Nondestr. Test. Eval. 26, 213–228 (2011).
- 270 M. Castaings and B. Hosten, NDT & E Int. 34, 249–258 (2001).
- 271 R. Raisutis, R. Kazys, E. Zukauskas, and L. Mazeika, NDT & E. Int. 44, 645–654 (2011).
- 272 M. J. Padiyar and K. Balasubramaniam, Insight 56, 195–202 (2014).
- 273 S. K. Chakrapani and V. Dayal, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135, 2646–2653 (2014).
- 274 T. Leutenegger and J. Dual, Ultrasonics 41, 811–822 (2004).
- 275 T. Lee, R. S. Lakes, and A. Lal, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 2855–2861 (2000).
- 276 N. Krohn, R. Stoessel, and G. Busse, Ultrasonics 40, 633–637 (2002).
- 277 I. Solodov, K. Pfleiderer, H. Gerhard, and G. Busse, Ultrasonics 42, 1011–1015 (2004).
- 278 K. E.-A. Van Den Abeele, P. A. Johnson, and A. Sutin, Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 12, 17–30 (2000).
- 279 D. A. Derusova, V. P. Vavilov, and S. S. Pawar, IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng., 81, 012084 (2015).
- 280 M. Lethiecq, C. Pejot, M. Berson, P. Guillemet, and A. Roncin, NDT & E Int. 27, 311–315 (1994).
- 281 J. Neuenschwander, B. Blau, I. L. Horvath, T. Lüthi, and H. Marti, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 12, 1199–1202 (2002).
- 282 J. L. Ealo, J. J. Camacho and C. Fritsch, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 56, 848–858 (2009).
- 283 S. J. Sanabria, R. Furrer, J. Neuenschwander, P. Niemz, and P. Schütz, Ultrasonics, 63, 65–84 (2015).
- 284 L. W. Schmerr, Solid Mech. Its Appl. 215, 1–389 (2015).
- 285 B. W. Drinkwater and P. D. Wilcox, NDT & E Int. 39, 525–541 (2006).
- 286 A. Leleux, P. Micheau, and M. Castaings, J. Nondestruct. Eval. 32, 200–214 (2013).
- 287 T. H. Gan, D. A. Hutchins, D. R. Billson, and F. C. Wong, Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 13, 131–152 (2001).
- 288
K. S. Hall and J. S. Popovics, Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestr. Eval.
28, 705–710 (2009).
10.1063/1.3114325 Google Scholar
- 289 S. J. Sanabria Ph.D. Thesis, Nno. 20404, ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2012.
- 290 W. Ke, M. Castaings, and C. Bacon, NDT & E Int. 42, 524–533 (2009).
- 291 M. Masmoudi and M. Castaings, Ultrasonics 52, 81–92 (2012).
- 292 www.extende.com. (accessed October 27, 2015)
- 293 P. Calmon, S. Mahaut, S. Chatillon, and R. Raillon, Ultrasonics 44, e975–e979 (2006).
- 294 R. Artiaga, R. Cao, S. Naya, and A. García, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 851, NN11.1.1–NN11.1.12 (2005).
- 295
G. Busse, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
214, 012003, (2010) and references therein.
10.1088/1742-6596/214/1/012003 Google Scholar
- 296 ISO 10878, Non-destructive testing – Infrared thermography: Vocabulary, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2013.
- 297 A. R. Greenberg, S. S. Shojaie, W. B. Krantz, and S. B. Tantekin-Ersolmaz, J. Membr. Sci. 107, 249–261 (1995).
- 298 M. Honner, P. Litoš, and M. Švantner, Infrared Phys. Technol. 45, 131–142 (2004).
- 299 W. Harizi, S. Chaki, G. Bourse, and M. Ourak, Composites, Part B 59, 74–79 (2014).
- 300 ASTM E2582-07(2014), Standard practice for infrared flash thermography of composite panels and repair patches used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 301 S. M. Shepard, J. R. Lhota, T. Ahmed, and Y. L. Hou, SAMPE J. 39, 53–59 (2003).
- 302 C. Maierhofer, P. Myrach, M. Reischel, H. Steinfurth, M. Röllig, and M. Kunert, Composites, Part B 57, 35–46 (2014).
- 303 H. Schmutzler, M. Alder, N. Kosmann, H. Wittich, and K. Schulte, Composites, Part B 59, 221–229 (2014).
- 304 A. A. Badghaish and D. C. Fleming, J Compos. Mater. 42, 1337–1357 (2008).
- 305 X. Maldague, Theory and Practice of Infrared Technology for Nondestructive Testing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N.J., 2001.
- 306
T. Kroeger, Reinf. Plast.
58, 42–43 (2014).
10.1016/S0034-3617(14)70183-3 Google Scholar
- 307 G. Giorleo and C. Meola, NDT & E Int. 35, 287–292 (2002).
- 308 N. P. Avdelidisa, D. P. Almond, A. Dobbinson, B. C. Hawtinb, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, and X. Maldague, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 40, 143–162 (2004).
- 309 D. L. Balageas, Quant. Infrared Thermogr. 9, 3–32 (2012).
- 310 A. Mian, X. Han, S. Islam, and G. Newaz, Compos. Sci. Technol. 64, 657–666 (2004).
- 311 H. Berglind and A. Dillenz, NDT & E Int. 36, 395–399 (2003).
- 312 S. Johnson, Composites, Part B 56, 740–748 (2014).
- 313 A. Abina, U. Puc, A. Jeglič, and A. Zidanšek, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 50, 279–303 (2015).
- 314 J. W. Park, K. H. Im, D. K. Hsu, J. A. Jung, and I.-Y. Yang, J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 26, 2051–2054 (2012).
- 315 M. Wall, S. F. Burch, and J. Lilley, Insight 51, 612–619 (2009).
- 316 B. R. A. Wood and R. W. Harris, Int J Pres. Ves. Pip. 77, 125–132 (2000).
- 317 E. Hack, R. K. Fruehmann, R. Roos, M. Feligiotti, P. Schuetz, J. P. Tyler, and J. M. Dulieu-Barton, Compos. Struct. 132, 109–121 (2015).
- 318 R. Růček, R. Lohonka, and J. Jironč, NDT & E Int. 39, 132–142 (2006).
- 319 A. Katunin, K. Dragan, and M. Dziendzikowski, Compos. Struct. 127, 1–9 (2015).
- 320 L. Cheng and G. Y. Tian, J. Sensors 2012, Article-ID 4084377 pp. (2012).
- 321 I. Amenabar, A. Mendikute, A. López-Arraiza, M. Lizaranzu, and J. Aurrekoetxea, Composites, Part B 42, 1298–1305 (2011).
- 322 C. K. Liew, M. Veidt, N. Rajic, K. Tsoi, D. Rowlands, and Howard Morton, J. Test. Eval. 39, JTE103842 (2011).
- 323 A. M. Amaro, P. N. B. Reis, M. F. S. F. De Moura, and J. B. Santos, Insight 54, 14–20 (2012).
- 324 M. Choi, J. Park, W. Kim, and K. Kang, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 22, 1033–1038 (2008).
- 325 ASTM E2533, Standard guide for nondestructive testing of polymer matrix composites used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2009.
- 326 C. Garnier, M.-L. Pastor, F. Eyma, and B. Lorrain, Compos. Struct. 93, 1328–1336 (2011).
- 327 J. Cuadra, P. A. Vanniamparambil, K. Hazeli, I. Bartolli, and A. Kontsos, in TMS Annual Meeting, 2014, pp. 137–145.
- 328 R. Heideklang and P. Shokouhi, in Proceedings of IEEE 16th International Conference on Information Fusion (AESS 2013), 2013, pp. 835–841.
- 329 M. Naderi, A. Kahirdeh, and M. M. Khonsari Composites, Part B 43, 1613–1620 (2012).
- 330 J. Gryzagoridis and D. Findeis, Insight 52, 248–251 (2010).
- 331 H. Hatta, M.S. Aly-Hassan, Y. Hatsukade, S. Wakayama, H. Suemasu, and N. KasaI, Compos. Sci. Technol. 65, 1098–1106 (2005).
- 332 S. A. Grammatikos, E. Z. Kordatos, T. E. Matikas, and A. S. Paipetis, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 23, 169–180 (2014).
- 333 ASTM E2479, Standard practice for measuring the ultrasonic velocity in polyethylene tank walls using lateral longitudinal (LCR) waves, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2011.
- 334 ASTM E2982, Standard guide for nondestructive testing of thin-walled metallic liners in filament-wound pressure vessels used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 335 ASTM E2983, Standard guide for application of acoustic emission for structural health monitoring, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 336 D. Y. Gao, Y. H. Wang, Z. J. Wu, G. Rahim, and S. B. Bai, Smart Mater. Struct. 23, 055011 pp. 11 (2014).
- 337 Y. J. Sun and S. Ji, J. Vibroeng. 17, 188–202 (2015).
- 338 P. Malinowski, T. Wandowski, W. Ostachowicz, T. Luba, G. Borowik, M. Rawski, and P. Tomaszewski, in F.-K. Chang, ed., Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM), 964–971 2013.
- 339 M. Gresil and V. Giurgiutiu, Aeronaut. J. 117, 971–995 (2013).
- 340 G. M. Odegard and A. Bandyopadhyay, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 49, 1695–1716 (2011).
- 341 J. S. Earl and R. A. Shenoi, Composites, Part A 35, 1237–1247 (2004).
- 342 A. Demčenko, R. Akkerman, P. B. Nagy, and R. Loendersloot, NDT & E Int. 49, 34–39 (2012).
- 343 EN 4179 - Aerospace series - Qualification and approval of personnel for non-destructive testing, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels 2009.
- 344 ISO 9712:2012, Non-destructive testing – Qualification and certification of NDT personnel, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva 2012.
- 345 NAS410, Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel, Rev. 4, Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), Arlington, Va. December 2014.
- 346 C. Boller, H. Kapoor, and W. T. Goh, Proc Int Soc Opt Eng SPIE, 6527, 65270C (2007).
- 347 D. A. Anisi, E. Persson, and C. Heyer, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2011, pp. 235–240.
- 348 H. Vallen, J. Vallen, and J. Forker, Adv. Mater. Res. 13–14, 385–394 (2006).
- 349 ASTM E543, Standard specification for agencies performing nondestructive testing, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2015.
- 350 CEN/TR 14748, Non-Destructive Testing—Methodology for Qualification of Non-destructive Tests, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels, 2004.
- 351 W. Li and P. Gu, Computer-Aided Des. 36, 1395–1417 (2004).
- 352 EN 14127 Non-destructive testing—Ultrasonic thickness measurement, Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels, 2011.
- 353 J. Hiller, M. Maisl, and L. M. Reindl, Meas. Sci. Technol. 23, 085404, 18 pp. (2012).
- 354 D. E. Demco and B. Blümich, Curr. Opin. Solid. State Mater. Sci. 5, 195–202 (2001).
- 355 J. P. Dunkers, F. R. Phelan, D. P. Sanders, M. J. Everett, W. H. Green, D. L. Hunston, and R. S. Parnas, Opt. Lasers Eng. 35, 135–147 (2001).
- 356 R. Smallwood, P. Metzerall, D. Hose, M. Delves, H. Pollock, A. Hammiche, C. Hodges, V. Mathot, and P. Willcocks, Thermochim Acta 385, 19–32 (2002).
- 357 C. Degueldre, H. Pleinert, P. Maguire, E. Lehmann, J. Missimer, J. Hammer, K. Leenders, H. Böck, and D. Townsend, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 140, 213–225 (1996).
- 358 G. Sakas, Comput. Graphics 26, 577–587 (2002).
- 359 D. H. Phillips and J. J. Lannutti, NDT & E Int. 30, 339–350 (1997).
- 360 R. Kimmich, A. Klemm, and M. Weber, Magn. Reson. Imaging 19, 353–361 (2001).
- 361 A. F. Obrist, A. Flisch, and J. Hofmann, NDT & E Int. 37, 373–380 (2004).
- 362 X. Yan and P. Gu, Comput.-Aided Des. 28, 307–318 (1996).
- 363 B. Schillinger, W. Blümlhuber, A. Fent, and M. Wegner, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 424, 58–65 (1999).
- 364 L. R. Holmes and J. C. Riddick, JOM 66, 270–274 (2014).
- 365 P. D. Dalton, C. Vaquette, B. L. Farrugia, T. R. Dargaville, T. D. Brown, and D. W. Hutmacher, Biomater. Sci. 1, 171–185 (2013).
- 366 R. D. Adams and B. W. Drinkwater, NDT & E Int. 30, 93–98 (1997).
- 367 O.-Y. Kwon, T.-H. Kim, and K.-J. Lee, in Proceedings 15th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing , paper 473, 2000; available in Ref. 8.
- 368 C. J. Brotherhood, B. W. Drinkwater, and S. Dixon, Ultrasonics 41, 521–529 (2003).
- 369 A. M. Robinson, B. W. Drinkwater, and J. Allin, NDT & E Int. 36, 27–36 (2003).
- 370 F. Lanza di Scalea, M. Bonomo, and D. Tuzzeo, Res. Nondestruct. Eval. 13, 153–171 (2001).
- 371 J. A. Schroeder, T. Ahmed, B. Chaudhry, and S. Shepard, Composites, Part A 33, 1511–1517 (2002).
- 372 J. Mijović and S. Andjelić, Polymer 37, 1295–1303 (1996).
- 373 C. Li, M. Cao, R. Wang, Z. Wang, Y. Qiao, L. Wan, Q. Tian, H. Liu, D. Zhang, T. Liang, and C. Tang, Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 1749–1758 (2003).
- 374 J.-M. Gonnet, J. Guillet, C. Raveyre, G. Assezat, R. Fulchiron, and G. Seytre, Polym. Eng. Sci. 42, 1171–1180 (2002).
- 375 S. A. Nield, H. M. Budman, and C. Tzoganakis, Control Eng. Practice 8, 911–920 (2000).
- 376 A. Gokce, K.-T. Hsiao, and S. G. Advani, Composites, Part A 33, 1263–1272 (2002).
- 377 C. Soutis, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 41, 143–151 (2005).
- 378
C. Soutis and P. E. Irving eds., Polymer Composites in the Aerospace Industry, Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 50, Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, U.K., 2015.
10.1016/B978-0-85709-523-7.00001-3 Google Scholar
- 379 ASTM E2533, Standard guide for nondestructive testing of polymer matrix composites used in in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2009.
- 380 ASTM E2580-12, Standard practice for ultrasonic testing of flat panel composites and sandwich core materials used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2012.
- 381 ASTM E2581-14, Standard practice for shearography of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 382 ASTM E2582-07(2014), Standard practice for infrared flash thermography of composite panels and repair patches used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2007.
- 383 ASTM E2582-07(2014), Standard practice for infrared flash thermography of composite panels and repair patches used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2014.
- 384 ASTM E2661/E2661M-15, Standard practice for acoustic emission examination of plate-like and flat panel composite structures used in aerospace applications, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken, Pa., 2015.
- 385 SAE ARP 6461, Guidelines for Implementation of Structural Health Monitoring on Fixed Wing Aircraft, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. 2013.
- 386 D. F. O. Braga, S. M. O. Tavares, L. F. M. da Silva, P. M. G. P. Moreira, and P. M. S. T. de Castro, Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 69, 29–39 (2014).
- 387 R. Jones, S. Stelzer, and A. J. Brunner, Compos. Struct. 110, 317–324 (2014).
- 388 A. Benjeddou, M. Kamlah, and Y. Shindo, Acta Mech. 224, 2451 (2013) and papers therein.
- 389 D. L. Edwards, A. P. Tighe, M. Van Eesbeek, Y. Kimoto, and K. K. de Groh, MRS Bull. 35, 25–34 (2010).
- 390 S. N. Dwivedi and A. Sharan, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 141, 155–162 (2003).
- 391 V. G. M. Annamdas and K. K. Ammandas, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. SPIE 7292, 72921G (2009).
- 392 P. M. Nellen, R. Brönnimann, A. Frank, P. Mauron, and U. Sennhauser, Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. SPIE 3860, 44–54 (1999).
- 393
P. Clark, J. Boriniski, M. Gunther, S. Poland, D. Wigent, and S. Watkins, Smart Mater. Bull.
2001, 8–11 (2001).
10.1016/S1471-3918(01)80170-2 Google Scholar
- 394 A. H. Barber, Q. Zhao, H. D. Wagner, and C. A. Baillie, Compos. Sci. Technol. 64, 1915–1919 (2004).
- 395 D. D. L. Chung, Carbon 50, 3342–3353 (2012).
- 396 G. Mook, J. Pohl, and F. Michel, Smart Mater. Struct. 12, 997–1004 (2003).
- 397 X. Kornmann, C. Huber, M. Barbezat, and A. J. Brunner, in Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Composite Materials , paper B047, 2004, pp. 9.
- 398 J.-M. Park, S.-I. Lee, O.-Y. Kwon, H.-S. Choi, and J.-H. Lee, Composites, Part A 34, 203–216 (2003).
- 399 Y. Bar-Cohen, ed., Proc. Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. SPIE 5385 (2004).
- 400 J. Davidson and C. Mo, Smart Mater. Res. 2014, 410316, pp. 14 (2014).
- 401 S. Bauer, S. Bauer-Gogonea, I. Graz, M. Kaltenbrunner, Ch. Keplinger, and R. Schödiauer, Adv. Mater. 26, 149–162 (2014).
