Metallography is a highly evolved scientific field that plays a central role in materials characterization, research and development, process optimization, quality assurance, deformation studies, failure analysis, and reverse engineering. The primary means of metallographic sample preparation is mechanical in nature and consists of three distinct stages—sectioning, mounting, and grinding/polishing. However, products and procedures vary widely for different applications. This article describes how to make the most appropriate choices in performing sample preparation. A general discussion is followed by illustrative examples of four specific materials.