Abstract
Commercial processes to alkylate isobutane and aromatics are described and evaluated. Liquid catalysts are used for alkylations of isobutane to produce high quality gasolines. For this alkylation, solid catalysts have been widely investigated, but none has yet been commercialized. Liquid catalysts were once used exclusively for alkylation of aromatics to produce a variety of petrochemicals, but solid catalysts are now widely used. Methods on how to improve these various processes are recommended.
Bibliography
- 1 L. F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48, 1409 (2009).
- 2 L. F. Albright, Processes for Production of Addition-Type Plastics and Their Monomers, 2nd ed., E. Robert Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, Fla., 1985, Chapt. 7.
- 3(a) P. Pryror, personal communications, Stratco Inc., Leawood, Kans., 2001; (b) Hydrocarbon Process. 2004–2008.
- 4(a) R. L. Van Zele and R. Diener, Hydrocarbon Process. 92–98 (June 1990); (b) 77–80 (July 1990).
- 5 L. F. Albright, Encyclopedia of Catalysis, proceeding chapter in the Encyclopedia.
- 6(a) L. F. Albright, Oil Gas J. 79–92 (Nov. 12, 1990); (b) 70–77 (Nov. 26, 1990).
- 7 DuPont-Stratco, personal communications, 2007.
- 8 S. Ackerman, H. Lerner, and T. A. Cavanaugh, Pet. Technol. Q 27–33 (Summer 1996).
- 9 S. Ackerman, H. Lerner, and S. Zaczepinski, in Paper presented at the 1996 NPRA Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Tex., Mar. 17–19, 1996.
- 10 H. Lerner, in R. A. Meyers, ed., Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1997, Chapt. 1.1, pp. 1.3–1.14.
- 11U.S. Pat. 3,109,042 (Oct. 29, 1963), I. Mayer.
- 12 I. Mayer, Hydrocarbon Process. Pet. Refin. 42 (9), 165 (1963).
- 13 F. B. Sprow, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. Des. Dev. 8, 254 (1969).
- 14 D. J. am Ende and L. F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33, 840 (1994).
- 15 L. F. Albright, ChemTech 29 (7), 46–53 (1998).
- 16
G. M. Kramer, in
L. F. Albright and
A. R. Goldsby, eds.,
Industrial and Laboratory Alkylations (ACS Symposium Series 55),
American Chemical Society,
Washington, D.C.,
1977,
Chapt. 1, pp.
1–26.
10.1021/bk-1977-0055.ch001 Google Scholar
- 17 B. Doshi and L. F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. Des. Dev. 15, 53 (1976).
- 18 Exxon Research and Engineering Co., Brochure, Florham Park, N.J., 1999.
- 19 J. C. Knepper, R. D. Kaplan, and G. E. Tampa, in Ref. 17, 1977, Chap. 16, pp. 260–270.
- 20 K. W. Li, R. E. Eckert, and L. F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. Des. Dev 9, 441 (1970).
- 21 K. W. Li, R. E. Eckert, and L. F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem Process. Des. Dev. 11, 446 (1972).
- 22U.S. Pat. 5,841,014 (Nov. 24, 1998), D. C. Graves, K. E. Kranz, J. K. Millard, and L. F. Albright (Stratco Inc.).
- 23 J. R. Peterson, D. C. Graves, K. Kranz, and D. M. Buckler, Alkylation Can be Much Cheaper, Stratco Inc., Leawood, Kans., 1999.
- 24 K. W. Li, R. E. Eckert, and L. F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process. Des. Dev. 9, 434 (1970).
- 25 D. J. am Ende, R. E. Eckert, and L. F. Albright, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 34, 4343 (1995).
- 26U.S. Pat. 6,194,625 (Feb. 27, 2001), D. C. Graves, K. E. Kranz, J. K. Millard, and L. F. Albright (Stratco Inc.).
- 27 L. F. Albright, M. A. Spalding, J. Faunce, and R. E. Eckert, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 27, 381 (1988).
- 28 T. D. Stewart and U. H. Calkins, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 1006 (1948).
- 29 D. C. Graves, Acid Consumption and Acid Runaway in Sulfuric Acid Alkylation Unit, Stratco Inc., Leawood, Kans., 1999.
- 30 A. R. Goldsby, in Ref. 16, 1977, Chapt. 17, pp. 283–301.
- 31(a) L. F. Albright, B. M. Doshi, M. A. Ferman, and A. Ewo, in Ref. 16, Chapt. 6, pp. 96–108; (b) Chapt. 7, pp. 109–127.
- 32U.S. Pat. 5,777,189 (July 7, 1998), G. G. Alexanyan, N. B. Librovitch, and Y. A. Prochukhane (Orzal International Technologies Corp.).
- 33U.S. Pat. 5,073,674 (Dec. 17, 1991), G. A. Olah.
- 34 G. A. Olah and co-workers, Catalyst Lett. 40, 137 (1996).
- 35 N. Y. Chen, T. F. Degnan, and C. M. Smith, Molecular Transport and Reactions in Zeolites, VCH Publishers, New York, 1994.
- 36 A. K. Roebuck and B. L. Evering, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 9, 76 (1970).
- 37 D. H. Wei, H. U. Hammershaimb, J. M. Meister, and W. Abrevaya, in Paper presented at the Meeting of American Institute of Chemical Engineering, Atlanta, Ga., Mar. 5–9, 2000.
- 38U.S. Pat. 6,025,533 (Feb. 15, 2000), B. V. Vora and H. U. Hamershaimb.
- 39U.S. Pat. 6,080,903 (June 27, 2000), L. O. Stine and co-workers.
- 40 R. C. Canfield, T. L. Unruh, Chem. Eng. 32–33 (Mar. 21, 1983).
- 41 R. C. Canfield, R. P. Cox, and C. M. McCarthy, Chem. Eng. Prog. 36–40 (Aug. 1986).
- 42 A. C. MacFarlane, in Ref. 16, Chapt. 21, pp. 341–359.
- 43 F. G. Dwyer and P. J. Lewis, in J. J. McKetta, ed., Ethylbenzene, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Vol. 20, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1984, p. 77.
- 44 B. J. Vora, J. A. Kocal, P. T. Barger, R. J. Schmidt, and J. A. Johnson, Alkylation, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed., Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2004, pp. 169–203.
- 45 H. V. Hammershiamb, T. Imar, G. J. Thompson, and B. V. Vora, Alkylation, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed., Vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991, pp. 85–112.
- 46 R. J. Schmidt, A. J. Zarchy, and G. A. Peterson,in Paper presented at the Spring Meeting of American Institute of Chemical Engineering, New Orleans, La., Mar. 10–14, 2002.
- 47 R. J. Schmidt, in S. Lee, ed., Cumene Product, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing, Vol. 1, Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006, pp. 603–616.
- 48 G. A. Peterson and R. J. Schmidt, in R. A. Myers, ed., UOP Q-Max process, Handbook of Petrochemicals Production Processes, Chapt. 5.2, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 2005, pp. 4.11–4.19
Citing Literature
