Somatosensory evoked potentials: Clinical uses
Corresponding Author
George H. Kraft MD, MS
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
CHAIR
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902Search for more papers by this authorMichael J. Aminoff MD, FRCP
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this authorErnest M. Baran MD
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam J. Litchy MD
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this authorWalter C. Stolov MD
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
George H. Kraft MD, MS
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
CHAIR
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902Search for more papers by this authorMichael J. Aminoff MD, FRCP
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this authorErnest M. Baran MD
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam J. Litchy MD
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this authorWalter C. Stolov MD
American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue S.W. Suite 300 East Rochestee, MN 55902
AAEM Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Subcommittee
Search for more papers by this author1097-4598(199802)21:2<252::aid-mus17>3.0.co;2-3.fp.png)
References
- 1 AAEE: Glossary of terms in clinical electromyography. Muscle Nerve 1987; 10: 8S, Muscle Nerve 1987; 10: G21. Muscle Nerve 1987; 10: G18.
- 2 Aminoff MJ: Use of somatosensory evoked potentials to evaluate the peripheral nervous system. J Clin Neurophysiol 1987; 4: 135–144.
- 3 Aminoff MJ, Goodin DS, Barbaro NM: Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in unilateral lumbosacral radiculopathy. Ann Neurol 1985; 17: 171–182.
- 4 Aminoff MJ, Goodin DS, Barbaro NM: Electrophysiologic evaluation of lumbosacral radiculopathies: electromyography, late responses, and somatosensory evoked potentials. Neurology 1985; 35: 1514–1518.
- 5 Aminoff MJ, Olney RK, Parry GJ, Raskin NH: Relative utility of different electrophysiologic techniques in the evaluation of the brachial plexus. Neurology 1988; 38: 546–555.
- 6 Anderson D, Bundlie S, Rockswold G: Multimodality evoked potentials in closed head trauma. Arch Neurol 1984; 41: 369–374.
- 7 Anderson NE, Frith RW, Synek VM: Somatosensory evoked potentials in syringomyelia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 1407–1410.
- 8 Aramideh M, Hoogendijk JE, Aalfs CM, Posthumus-Meyjes FE, DeVisser J, Ongerboeer de Visser BW: Somatosensory evoked potentials, sensory nerve potentials and sensory nerve conduction in hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I. J Neurol 1992; 239: 277–283.
- 9 Bartholomi L, Leili S, Negrin P: Somatosensory evoked potentials in diabetes type I. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 31: 43–46.
- 10 Chiappa K: Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials: Interpretation, in K Chiappa (ed): Evoked Potentials in Clinical Medicine. New York, Raven Press, 1990, pp. 400–407.
- 11 Chodroff G, Lee DJ, Honet JC: Dynamic approach in the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome using somatosensory evoked responses. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985; 66: 3–6.
- 12 Cosi V, Lombardi M, Zandrini C, Gerosa E, Callieco R: Somatosensory evoked potentials in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neurophysiol Clin 1989; 19: 359–365.
- 13 Cracco JB, Castells S, Mark E: Spinal somatosensory evoked potentials in juvenile diabetes. Ann Neurol 1984; 15: 55–58.
- 14 D'Alpa F, Sallemi G, Triffiletti L: Cervical SEPs from radicular (digital) upper limb nerves stimulation. Acta Neurol 1986; 8: 602–609.
- 15 Date ES, Rappaport M, Ortega HR: Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in brachial plexus injuries. Clin Electroencephalogr 1991; 22: 236–249.
- 16 Dawson EG, Sherman JE, Kanim LE, Nuwer MR: Spinal cord monitoring. Result of the Scoliosis Research Society and the European Spinal Deformity Society survey. Spine 1991; 16: S361–S364.
- 17 De Weerd A, Groeneveld C: The use of evoked potentials in the management of patients with severe cerebral trauma. Acta Neurol Scand 1985; 72: 489–494.
- 18 DeMeirleir L, Taylor M, Logan W: Multimodal evoked potential studies in leukodystrophies in children. Can J Neurol Sci 1988; 15: 26–31.
- 19 Dreyfuss P, Dumitru D, Prewitt-Buchanan L: Intercostal somatosensory evoked potentials. A new technique. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1993; 72: 144–150.
- 20
Ducker TB,
Brown RH:
Neurophysiology and Standards of Spinal Cord Monitoring.
New York, Springer,
1988.
10.1007/978-1-4612-3804-1 Google Scholar
- 21
Dumitru D,
Dreyfuss P:
Dermatomal/segmental somatosensory evoked potential evaluation of L5/S1 unilateral/unilevel radiculopathies.
Muscle Nerve
1996;
19:
442–449.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199604)19:4<442::AID-MUS3>3.0.CO;2-C CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 22 Dumitru D, Kalantri A, Dierschke B: Somatosensory evoked potentials of the medial and lateral plantar and calcaneal nerves. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14: 665–671.
- 23 Dumitru D, Maquis S: Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve neuropathy and somatosensory evoked potentials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 44–45.
- 24 Dvonch V, Scarff T, Bunch WH, Smith D, Boscardin J, Lebarge H, Ibrahim K: Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials: their use in lumbar radiculopathy. Spine 1984; 9: 291–293.
- 25 Eisen AA: AAEE Minimonograph # 19: The Somatosensory Evoked Potential. Rochester, MN, American Association of Electromyography and Electrodiagnosis, 1982 (renamed American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine).
- 26 Fine EJ, Hallett M: Neurophysiological study of subacute combined degenertion. J Neurol Sci 1980; 45: 331–336.
- 27 Frank L, Murgiuele T, Etheridge J Jr: Prediction of chronic vegetative state in children using evoked potentials. Neurology 1985; 35: 931–934.
- 28 Friedman W, Chadwick G, Venhoeven F, Mahla M, Day A: Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials during surgery for middle cerebral artery aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1991; 29: 83–88.
- 29 Garg B, Markand O, Demyer W, Warren C: Evoked response studies in patient with adrenoleukodystrophy and heterozygous relatives. Arch Neurol 1983; 40: 356–359.
- 30 Gilmore RL, Nelson KR: SSEP and F-wave studies in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 538–543.
- 31 Glover JL, Worth RM, Bendick PJ: Evoked responses in the diagnosis of the thoracic outlet syndrome. Surgery 1981; 89: 86–93.
- 32 Goldie W: Brainstem auditory and short latency somatosensory evoked responsesin brain death. Neurology 1981; 31: 248–256.
- 33 Green J, Gildemeister R, Hazelwood C: Dermatomally stimulated somatosensory cerebral evoked potentials in the clinical diagnosis of lumbar disc disease. Clin Electroencephalogr 1983; 14: 152–160.
- 34 Hallett M, Chadwick D, Marsden C: Cortical reflex myoclonus. Neurology 1979; 29: 1107–1125.
- 35 Hallikainen H, Partenen J, Mervaala E: The importance of neurophysiologic evaluation of plexus brachial injury. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 33: 67–71.
- 36 Hashimoto T, Mitomo M, Hirabuki N, Miura T, Kawai R, Nakamura H, Kawai H, Oho K, Kozuka T: Nerve root avulsion of birth palsy: comparison of myelography with CT myelography and somatosensory evoked potential. Radiology 1991; 178: 841–845.
- 37
Haupt W,
Horsch S:
Evoked potential monitoring in carotid surgery. A review of 994 cases.
Neurology
1992;
42:
335–383.
10.1212/WNL.42.4.835 Google Scholar
- 38 Hickey C, Gugiono LD, Aglio LS, Mark JB, Son SL, Maddi R: Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential monitoring predicts peripheral nerve injury during cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1993; 78; 29–35.
- 39 Hume A, Cant B: Central somatosensory conduction after head trauma. Ann Neurol 1981; 10: 411.
- 40 Ito J, Yamao S, Kameeyama M: Analysis of somatosensory evoked potentials in peroneal palsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1987; 75: 385–390.
- 41 Jacobs S, Sarlo F, Baran E, Herbison G, Ditunno J: Extensor carpi radialis recovery predicted by qualitative SEP and clinical examination in quadriplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992; 73: 790–793.
- 42 Jones P, Carroll W, Halliday A: Peripheral and central somatosensory nerve conduction in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and comparison with Freidreich's ataxis. J Neurol Sci 1983; 61: 135–146.
- 43 Jones SJ: Diagnostic and prognostic value of somatosensory evoked potentials in lesions of peripheral nerve and spinal cord. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987; 39: 297–301.
- 44 Jorg J, Dullberg W, Koeppen S: Diagnostic value of segmental somatosensory evoked potentials in cases with chronic progressive para- or tetraspastic syndromes, in J Dourjon, F Mauguiere, M Revol (eds): Clinical Application of Evoked Potentials in Neurology. New York, Raven Press, 1982, pp. 347–358.
- 45 Kakigi R, Shibasaki H: Generator mechanisms of giant somatosensory evoked potentials in cortical reflex myoclonus. Brain 1987; 110: 1359–1375.
- 46 Katifi HA, Sedgwick EM: Somatosensory evoked potentials from posterior tibial nerve and lumbosacral dermatomes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 65: 249–259.
- 47 Katifi HA, Sedgwick EM: Evaluation of the dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of lumbosacral root compression. J Neurol 1987; 50: 1204–1210.
- 48 Kline DG, Hudson AR: Nerve Injuries. Philadelphia, WB Saunder, 1995.
- 49
Kraft GH,
Janczakowski JJ,
Slimp JC:
Comparison of MRI and SEP in patients with MS and stroke.
J Clin Neurophysiol
1993;
10:
243.
10.1097/00004691-199304000-00026 Google Scholar
- 50 Krarup-Hansen A, Fugleholm K, Helweg-Larsen S, Hauge EN, Scmalbruch H, Trojaborg W, Krarup C: Examination of distal involvement in cisplatin-induced neuropathy in man. An electrophysiological and histological study with particular reference to touch receptor function. Brain 1993; 116: 1017–1041.
- 51 Krumholz A, Weiss HD, Goldstein PJ, Harris KC: Evoked responses in vitamin B12 deficiency. Ann Neurol 1981; 9: 407–409.
- 52 Lagueny A, Deliac MM, Deliac P, Durandeau A: Diagnostic and prognostic value of electrophysiologic tests in meralgia paresthetica. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14: 51–56.
- 53 Lam A, Manninem P, Ferguson G, Natau W: Monitoring electrophysiologic function during carotid endarterectomy. Anesthesiology 1991; 75: 15–21.
- 54 Leblhuber F, Reisecker F, Boehm-Jurkovic H: Diagnostic value of different electrophysiologic tests in cervical disk prolapse. Neurology 1988; 38: 1879–1881.
- 55 Li C, Houlden DA, Rowed DW: Somatosensory evoked potentials and neurological grades as predictors of outcome in acute spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 1990; 72: 600–609.
- 56 Loftus CM, Taynelis VC: Intraoperative Monitoring Techniques in Neurosurgery. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
- 57 Louis AA, Gupta P, Perkash I: Localization of sensory levels in traumatic quadriplegia by segmental somatosensory evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985; 62: 313–316.
- 58 Lueders H, Dinner D, Lesser R, Morris H: Evoked potentials in cortical localization. J Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 3: 75–84.
- 59 Lueders H, Lesser R, Hahn J, Dinner D, Klem G: Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in response to hand stimulation. J Neurosurg 1983; 58: 885–894.
- 60 Lutschg J, Pfenninger J, Ludin H: BAEPs and early SEPs in neurointensively treated comatose children. Am J Dis Child 1983; 137: 421–426.
- 61 Machida M, Asai T, Sato K, Toriyama S, Yamada T: New approach for diagnosis in herniated lumbosacral disc. Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials (DSSEPs). Spine 1986; 11: 380–384.
- 62 Moglia A, Zandrini C, Alfonsi E, Rondanelli EG, Bono G, Nappi G: Neurophysiological markers of central and peripheral involvement of the nervous system in HIV-infection. Clin Electroencephalogr 1991; 22: 193–198.
- 63 Momma F, Wang A, Symon L: Effects of temporary arterial occlusion on somatosensory evoked responses in aneurysm surgery. Surg Neurol 1987; 27: 343–352.
- 64 Nakamura R, Noritake M, Hosoda Y, Kamakura K, Nagata N Shibasaki H: Somatosensory conduction delay in central and peripheral nervous system of diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 532–535.
- 65 Nuwer M, Perlman S, Packwood J, Kark R: Evoked potential abnormalities in the various inherited ataxias. Ann Neurol 1983; 13: 20–27.
- 66 Nuwer MR, Daube J, Fischer C, Schramm J, Yingling CD: Neuromonitoring during surgery. Repor of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 87: 263–276.
- 67 Olney RK, Aminoff MJ: Electrodiagnostic features of the Guillain-Barré syndrome: the relative sensitivity of different techniques. Neurology 1990; 40: 471–475.
- 68 Parry GJ, Amioff MJ: Somatosensory evoked potentials in chronic demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Neurology 1987; 37: 313–316.
- 69 Perlik S, Fisher MA, Dushyant VP, Slack C: On the usefulness of somatosensory evoked responses for the evaluation of lower back pain. Arch Neurol 1986; 43: 907–913.
- 70 Perot PL, Vera CL: Scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potentials to stimulation of nerves in the lower extremities and evaluation of patients with spinal cord trauma. Ann NY Acad Sci 1982; 388: 359–368.
- 71 Restuccia D, di Lazzaro V, Valeriani M, Aulisa L, Galli M, Tonali P, Mauguière F: The role of upper limb somatosensory evoked potentials in the management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: preliminary data. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 92: 502–509.
- 72 Rodriguez AA, Kanis L, Rodriguez AA: Somatosensory evoked potentials from dermatomal stimulation as an indicator of L5 and S1 radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1987; 68: 366–368.
- 73 Rossini PM, Treviso M, DiStefano E, DiPaolo B: Nervous impulse propagation along peripheral and central fibers in patients with chronic renal failure. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1983; 56: 293–303.
- 74 Rowed DW, McLean JAG, Tator CH: Somatosensory evoked potentials in acute spinal cord injury: prognostic value. Surg Neurol 1978; 9: 203–210.
- 75 Roy MW, Gilmore R, Walsh JW: Evaluation of children and young adults with tethered spinal cord syndrome. Utility of spinal and scalp recorded somatosensory evoked potentials. Surg Neurol 1986; 26: 241–248.
- 76 Scarff TB, Dallmann DE, Toleikis JR: Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of lumbar root entrapment. Surg Forum 1981; 32: 489–491.
- 77 Scarff TB, Toleikis JR, Bunch WH, Parris S: Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in children with myelomeningocele. Z Kinderchir Grenzgeb 1979; 28: 384–387.
- 78 Schimscheimer RJ, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Bour LJ: Digital nerve somatosensory evoked potentials and flexor carpi radialis H reflexes in cervical disc protrusion and involvement of the sixth or seventh cervical root: relations to clinical and myelographic findings. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988; 70: 313–324.
- 79 Schramm J, Koht A, Schmidt G, Pechstein V, Taniguichi M, Fahlbusch R: Surgical and electrophysiological observations during clipping of 134 aneurysms with evoked potentials monitoring. Neurosurgery 1990; 26: 61–70.
- 80
Schramm J,
Oettle GJ,
Pichert T:
Clinical application of segmental somatosensory evoked potentials(SEP)–experience in patients with non-space occupying lesions, in
C Barber (ed):
Evoked Potentials.
Lancaster, MTP Press,
1980,
pp. 455–465.
10.1007/978-94-011-6645-4_53 Google Scholar
- 81 Slimp JC, Janczakowski J, Seed MD, Kraft GH: Comparison of median and posterior tibial nerve somatosensory evoked potentials in ambulatory patients with definite multiple sclerosis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 69: 293–296.
- 82 Slimp JC, Kliot M: Electrophysiological monitoring: peripheral nerve surgery, in RJ Andrews (ed): Intraoperative Neuroprotection. Baltimore, MD, Williams & Wilkins, 1996, pp. 375–392.
- 83 Slimp JC, Rubner DE, Snowden ML, Stolor WC: Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials: cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral levels. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 84: 55–70.
- 84 Snowden ML, Haselkorn J, Kraft GH, Bronstein A, Slimp J, Stolov W: Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials in lumbosacral spinal stenosis. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 1036–1044.
- 85 Stechison MT: The trigeminal evoked potential. Part II: Intraoperative recording of short latency responses. Neurosurgery 1993; 33: 639–643.
- 86 Stolov WC, Turella G, Slimp JC, Bigos SJ: Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) to mixed nerve and dermatomal stimulation and EMG in lumbar spinal stenosis. VIIth International Congress of Electromyography and Related Clinical Neurophysiology, Sorrento, Italy, 1987.
- 87 Symon L, Momma F, Murota T: Assessment of reversible cerebral ischaemic in man: intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked response. Acta Neurochir 1988; 42(suppl): 3–7.
- 88 Synek VM: Diagnostic importance of somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of the thoracic outlet syndrome. Clin Electroencephalogr 1986; 117: 112–116.
- 89 Synek VM: Somatosensory evoked potentials after stimulation of digital nerves in upper limbs: normative data. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 65: 460–463.
- 90 Takakura H, Nakano C, Kasagi S: Multimodality evoked potentials in progression of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Brain Dev 1985; 7: 424–430.
- 91 Thomas PK, Jeffreys JGR, Smith IS, Loulakakis D: Spinal somatosensory evoked potentials in hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44: 243–246.
- 92 Tobimatsu S, Fukui R, Kato M: Multimodality evoked potentials in patients and carriers with adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985; 62: 18–24.
- 93 Tokuhashi Y, Santoh K, Funami S: A quantitative evaluation of sensory dysfunction in lumbosacral radiculopathy. Spine 1991; 16: 1321–1328.
- 94 Trainer S, Durey A, Chevailler B, Liot F: Value of somatosensory evoked potentials in saphenous entrapment neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 461–465
- 95 Vajsar J, Taylor MJ, MacMillan LJ, Murphy EG, Logan WJ: Somatosensory evoked potentials and nerve conduction studies in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain Dev 1992; 14: 315–318.
- 96 Veilleux M, Stevens JC, Campbell JK: Value of somatosensory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1986; 9: 655–662.
- 97 Walk D, Fisher MA, Doundoulakis SH, Hemmati M: Somatosensory evoked potentials in the evaluation of lumbosacral radiculopathy. Neurology 1992; 42: 1197–1202.
- 98 Yamada S, Knierim D, Yonekura M, Schultz R, Maeda G: Tethered cord syndrome. J Am Paraplegia Soc 1983; 6: 58–61.
- 99 Yiannakas C, Walsh JC: Somatosensory evoked responses in the diagnosis of the thoracic outlet syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: 234–240.
- 100
Yiannikas C,
Shahani BT,
Young RR:
Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials from radial, median and ulnar peroneal nerve stimulation in the assessment of cervical spondylosis: comparison with conventional electromyography.
Arch Neurol
1986;
42:
1264–1271.
10.1001/archneur.1986.00520120046015 Google Scholar
- 101 Yu YL, Jones SJ: Somatosensory evoked potentials in cervical spondylosis correlation of median, ulnar and posterior tibial nerve responses with clinical and radiological findings. Brain 1985; 108: 273–300.
- 102 Ziegler D, Muhlen H, Gries F: Tibial somatosensory evoked potentials at various stages of peripheral neuropathy in insulin dependent diabetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993; 56: 58–64.
- 103 Ziganow S: Neuromatic evaluation of the cortical somatosensory evoked potential in acute incomplete spinal cord injuries. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1986; 65: 86–93.